REDOX REACTION
Prepared by: RYAN ALVINEZ PERALTA, LPT
KEY TERMS
Covalent compound = a compound consisting of
nonmetals plus nonmetals. Electrons are shared in this
interatomic linkage
Oxidation - Loss of electronstrading dough
Reduction - gain of electrons
Molecules - compound that are composed of nonmetals
element
Ion - a charged atom ex. Ca+2 , Cl -1
What is a Redox ?
• A redox reaction, short for oxidation-reduction reaction, is a type
of chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons between
two species.
• In other words, it's a reaction where one substance loses
electrons (oxidation) while another substance gains electrons
(reduction).
What is an oxidation number/state?
• Oxidation number or state is a number assigned
to an atom in a molecule or an ion to indicate the
degree of oxidation and reduction of that atom.
• It represents a hypothetical charge atoms whould
have it it bonds to another atom
What does it indicate?
Electron loss or gain
A positive oxidation state indicates that an
atom has lost electrons( been oxidized) , while
a negative oxidation indicates that an atom
has gained electrons ( been reduced)
What does it indicate?
Chemical Properties
The oxidation state of an atom can
influence its chemical properties and
reactivity
Identifying oxidation states
in a Periodic Table
While the
periodic table
does not directly
show oxidation
states, certained
trends can be
observed:
Rules in assigning oxidation states:
1. The oxidation state of an atom in an
uncombined elemet is zero.
Example: H2, I2, Cl2,
Ca, Li, K,
Rules in assigning oxidation states:
2. The oxidation state of a monoatomic ion is
the same as its charge
Example: Ca 2 + = 2 Fe3+ = 3
I- = -1 Cl- = -1
Rules in assigning oxidation states:
3. Oxygen is assigned in an oxidation state
-2 in most of its covalent compound.
Exceptions: peroxides ( O2 2- ) = -1
superoxide O2 1- = - 1/2
Example: H2O2 = here oxygen is -1
NaO2 = in here , oxygen is - 1/2
Rules in assigning oxidation states:
4. In its covalent compound, hydrogen is
assigned an oxidation state of + 1.
With metal, it is -1.
- Hydrogen is most electronegative than metals
and least electronegative when with nonmentals
Hydrogen= -1
example: LiH, NaH, CaH2
Hydrogen= +1
example: HCl
Rules in assigning oxidation states:
5. Flourine is always negative -1
• Halogens - Cl, Br, I these elements will
have negative oxidation number when
they occur as halide ions in their compound ex. NaCl
• When combine with oxgen (oxyacids) the have positive
oxidation number Ex. ClO-
Rules in assigning oxidation states:
6. For an electronically neutral compound
the sum of the oxidation states is zero
ex. NaCl, H2O, CO2
Rules in assigning oxidation states:
7. For an ionic species, the sum of the oxidation
states must be equal to the overal charge
ex. H2SO4-2 = -2
PO4-3 = -3
Sample problem #1
Find the oxidation state for each
element in a compound:
MgCl2
Answer: Mg +2
Cl -1
MgCl2 = 0
Mg + 2 (-1) = 0
Mg - 2 = 0
Mg = +2
Sample problem #2
Find the oxidation state for each element
in
a compound: BF3 Answer: B +3 F-1
BF3 = 0
B + 3 (-1) = 0
B - 3 = 0
B = +3
Sample problem #3
Find the oxidation state for each element
in
a compound: SO4 -2 Answer: S+6 O-2
SO4-2 = -2
S + 4 (-2) = -2
S - 8 = -2
S = +8 -2
S = +6
Sample problem #4
Find the oxidation state for each
element in
a compound: PO4-3 Answer: P+5 O-2
PO4-3 = -3
P + 4 (-2) = -3
P - 8 = -3
P = +8 -3
P = +5
Sample problem #5
Find the oxidation state for each
element in
a compound: OF2 Answer: O+2 F-1
OF2 = 0
O + 2(-1) = 0
O - 2 = 0
O = +2
Sample problem #6
Find the oxidation state for each element in
a compound: H 2O 2
Answer: H+1 O-1
H2O2 = 0
2(+1) + 2(O) = 0
2H + 2 (O) = 0
2(1) + 2O = 0
2O = -2
2O/2 = -2/2
O=-1
Sample problem #7
Find the oxidation state for each element in
a compound: K2CrO4
Answer: K Cr+6 O-2
+1
K2CrO4 = 0
2(1) + Cr + 4 (-2) = 0
2+ Cr + -8 = 0
Cr - 6 = 0
Cr = +6
Sample problem #7
Find the oxidation state for each
element in(sodium superoxide)
compound : NaO2 Answer: Na+1 O -1/2
NaO= 0
1(1) + 2(O) = 0
+1 + 2O = 0
2O = -1
2O/2 = -1/2
O = -1/2
Worksheet #1
Provide the oxidation number of the
indicated atoms or ions.
1. N2O3 4. O2 7. PCl5
2. HSO41- 5. Mg 2+ 8. HNO3
3. in ClO4- 6. KMnO4 9. KHCO3
BALANCING REDOX EQUATION
(ACIDIC)
Balancing the Redox
Rules for balancing redox equations in acidic solution
1. Write the net ionic equation
2. Write the half reactions
3. Balance atoms other than hydrogen and oxygen
4. Balance oxygen by adding H2O
5. Balance H by adding H+
6. Balance the charges
7. Multiply to balance the electrons gained /lost between the two
half
reactions and add reactions together.
8. Cancel common species on both sides of the reaction
Balance the redox reaction below that is in acidic
condition
Cr2O7 -2 + Fe 2+
Cr 3+ + Fe 3+
Step 1:Write the equations
Cr2O7 -2 + Fe 2+
Cr 3+ + Fe 3+
Step 2: Write the Half Reactions
Cr2O7 -2 + Fe 2+
Cr 3+ + Fe 3+
Cr2O7 -2 Cr 3+
(Reduction)
Fe 2+
Fe 3+
(Oxidation)
Step 3: Balance the atoms except H and O
Cr2O7 -2 + Fe 2+
Cr 2+ + Fe 3+
Cr2O7 -2 2Cr 3+
(Reduction)
Fe 2+
Fe 3+
(Oxidation)
Step 4: Balance the oxygen by adding H2O
Cr2O7 -2 + Fe 2+
Cr 2+ + Fe 3+
Cr2O7 -2 2Cr 3+ + 7H2O
(Reduction)
Fe 2+
Fe 3+
(Oxidation)
Step 5: Balance the hydrogen by adding H +
Cr2O7 -2 + Fe 2+
Cr 2+ + Fe 3+
14H+ + Cr2O7 -2 2Cr 3+ + 7H2O
(Reduction)
Fe 2+
Fe 3+
(Oxidation)
Step 6: Multiply the charges to balance gained
/lost
Cr2O7 -2 + Fe 2+
Cr 2+ + Fe 3+
9e- + 14H+ + Cr2O7 -2 2Cr 3+ + 7H2O
(Reduction)
Fe 2+
Fe 3+
+ 1e (x9)
(Oxidation)
9 Fe 2+
9Fe 3+
+ 9e-
Step 6: Multiply the charges to balance gained
/lost
Cr2O7 -2 + Fe 2+
Cr 2+ + Fe 3+
9e- + 14H+ + Cr2O7 -2 2Cr 3+ + 7H2O
(Reduction)
9 Fe 2+
9 Fe 3+
+ 9e
(Oxidation)
Step 7: Cancel common species
Cr2O7 -2 + Fe 2+
Cr 2+ + Fe 3+
9e- + 14H+ + Cr2O7 -2 2Cr 3+ + 7H2O
(Reduction)
9 Fe 2+
9 Fe 3+
+ 9e
(Oxidation)
Step 7: Combine half reactions
Cr2O7 -2 + Fe 2+
Cr 2+ + Fe 3+
9e- + 14H+ + Cr2O7 -2 2Cr 3+ + 7H2O
(Reduction)
9 Fe 2+
9 Fe 3+
+ 9e
(Oxidation)
14H+ + Cr2O7 -2 + 9 Fe 2+
2Cr 3+ + 7H2O + 9 Fe3+
BALANCING REDOX EQUATION
(BASIC)
Balancing the Redox (BASIC SOLUTION)
Rules for balancing redox equations in basic solution.
1. Write the net ionic equation
2. Write the half reactions
3. Balance atoms other than hydrogen and oxygen
4. Balance oxygen by adding H2O
5. Balance H by adding H+
6. Balance the charges
7. Multiply to balance the electrons gained /lost between the two half
reactions and add reactions together.
8. Cancel common species on both sides of the reaction
9. Add to both sides of the reaction the same number of OH- as H+
10. Combine H+ and OH- to form H2O.
11. Cancel any remaining species that appear on both sides of the
reaction.
Balance the redox reaction below that is in basic solution
CH3OH + Cr2O7-2 CH2O + Cr3+
Step 1 and 2: Write equations and half reactions
Balance the redox reaction below that is in basic solution
CH3OH + Cr2O7-2 CH2O + Cr3+
CH3OH CH2O
Cr2O7 -2 Cr3+
Step 3 Balance all elements other than O and H
Balance the redox reaction below that is in basic solution
CH3OH + Cr2O7-2 CH2O + Cr3+
CH3OH CH2O
Cr2O7 -2 2Cr3+
Step 4 Balance O by adding H2O
Balance the redox reaction below that is in basic solution
CH3OH + Cr2O7 -2 CH2O + Cr3+
CH3OH CH2O
Cr2O7 -2 2Cr3+ + 7 H20
Step 5 Balance H by adding H+
Balance the redox reaction below that is in basic solution
CH3OH + Cr2O7-2 CH2O + Cr3+
CH3OH CH2O + 2 H+
14H+ + Cr2O7 -2 2Cr3+ + 7H20
Step 6: Balance charges by adding e-
Balance the redox reaction below that is in basic solution
CH3OH + Cr2O7-2 CH2O + Cr3+
CH3OH CH2O + 2 H+ + 2e-
6e- + 14H+ + Cr2O7 -2 2Cr3+ + 7 H20
Step 7: Multiply to balance e- lost and gained
Balance the redox reaction below that is in basic solution
CH3OH + Cr2O7-2 CH2O + Cr3+
CH3OH CH2O + 2 H+ + 2e- (3x)
6e- + 14H+ + Cr2O7 -2 2Cr3+ +7 H20
Step 7: Multiply to balance e- lost and gained
Balance the redox reaction below that is in basic solution
CH3OH + Cr2O7-2 CH2O + Cr3+
3CH3OH 3CH2O + 6H+ + 6e- (3x)
6e- + 14H+ + Cr2O7 -2 2Cr3+ +7 H20
Step 8: Cancel the common species
Balance the redox reaction below that is in basic solution
CH3OH + Cr2O7-2 CH2O + Cr3+
3CH3OH 3CH2O + 6H+ + 6e- (3x)
6e- + 14H+ + Cr2O7 -2 2Cr3+ +7 H20
Step 9: Add as many OH to both sides of the equations as
there are total of H+
3CH3OH + 8H+ + Cr2O7 -2 3CH2O + 2Cr3+ +7 H20
8OH + 3CH3OH + 8H+ + Cr2O7 -2 3CH2O + 2Cr3+ +7 H20 + 8 OH
H2O + 3CH3OH + Cr2O7 -2 3CH2O + 2Cr3+ + 8 OH
Step 10: Combine H+ and OH- to form H2O
3CH3OH + 8H+ + Cr2O7 -2 3CH2O + 2Cr3+ +7 H20
8OH + 3CH3OH + 8H+ + Cr2O7 -2 3CH2O + 2Cr3+ +7 H20 + 8 OH -
8H2O + 3CH3OH + Cr2O7 -2 3CH2O + 2Cr3+ +7 H20 + 8 OH -
Step 11: Cancel out common species again. Normally this is
on H2O
3CH3OH + 8H+ + Cr2O7 -2 3CH2O + 2Cr3+ +7 H20
8OH + 3CH3OH + 8H+ + Cr2O7 -2 3CH2O + 2Cr3+ +7 H20 + 8 OH -
8H2O + 3CH3OH + Cr2O7 -2 3CH2O + 2Cr3+ +7 H20 + 8 OH -
H2O + 3CH3OH + Cr2O7 -2 3CH2O + 2Cr3+ + 8 OH -
Balance:
ReO 4
-
+ IO -
IO 3
-
+ Re
