ELECTRICAL POWER
AND ENERGY
LESSON 1.
KIRCHHOFF’S
LAWS
Circuits that cannot be
resolved using the series-
parallel techniques are
analyzed using the two
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
RULES as introduced by
Gustav Kirchhoff known as
KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS.
Kirchhoff ’s
First Law
Applies to a
junction. A junction
is a point in an
electrical circuit
where three or more
wires are connected.
Kirchhoff ’s
First Law
“States that the
algebraic sum of
current entering a
junction and the
currents leaving it
must be zero”.
Kirchhoff ’s
First Law
Also known as
CURRENT LAW or
JUNCTION LAW.
“A statement of
conservation of
charge”.
Kirchhoff ’s
Second Law
The second rule is
known as voltage
law or loop law. A
loop is just a closed
conducting path.
Kirchhoff ’s
Second Law
“States that the
algebraic sum of the
emfs and the voltage
drops in any loop
must be zero”.
LESSON 2.
MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS
GALVANOMETER
Used to detect electric
current.
AMMETER
Used to detect electric
current.
VOLTMETER
Measure the voltage
across the circuit
MULTIMETER
Measure the voltage,
current, and resistance
LESSON 3.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Electricity has two
hazards:
1. A thermal
hazard occurs
when there is
electrical
overheating.
2. A shock
hazard occurs
when electric
current passes
Electrical safety
systems and devices
are employed to
prevent thermal and
shock hazards.
Circuit
breakers and
fuses
interrupt
excessive
currents to
prevent
thermal
hazards.
The three-wire system
guards against
thermal and shock
hazards, utilizing
live/hot, neutral, and
earth/ground wires,
and grounding the
neutral wire and case
of the appliance.
A ground fault
interrupter (GFI)
prevents shock by
detecting the loss
of current to
unintentional
paths.
L E SS O N 4 .
ELECTRICAL
POWER AND
E N E R GY
The power expended
in an appliance is the
rate at which it
consumes electrical
energy.
Electrical power (P) is
obtained by multiplying
the voltage (V) by the
current (I).
In symbols:
P = VI
Electrical power
is measured in watts named
after James Watt.
The power rating of an
appliance is usually marked
in a label at the back or at
the bottom of the
appliance.
Watt is used to measure
the amount of power an
appliance needs to
consume.
Wattage is a measure of
electrical consumption
(1000 watts = 1kW)
Electrical Energy is
obtained by multiplying
power by time.
or
Electrical Energy = Pt
The SI unit of energy is
joule. One joule is 1 watt
second.
Sample Problem:
A working mother does a week’s wash one
evening. The washing machine works at 470
watts, the drier at 500 watts. The 40-watt light
bulb and the 150-watt electric fan used while
washing were on for 3 hours. Washing consumes
3 hours, while drying 1 hour. The 746-watt
electric water pump was running for 3-hours too.
What is the total energy consumption? If the
price for generating 1.0 kWh is 4.53 pesos. How
much will the mother have to pay for the
The figure shows resistors wired in
a combination of series and
parallel.
a) Find the equivalent resistance of
the circuit?
b) What is the potential drop across
R1?
c) Find the current through R 2 ?
d) What power is dissipated by R 2 ?
and the Total Generation Charge if the
price for generating is 12.00 per kilowatt-
hour.
Appliance P (watts) P (kilowatts) t (hours) Electrical
Energy
Electric 1100 watts 1h
Iron
LED Bulb 14 8h
(5 units) watts/unit
Refrigerato 780 watts 24
r
Rice 700 watts 1h
Cooker
Electric 42 5h
