INTRODUCTION Hedayat hashemi
HYDROLOGY
WHAT IS HYDROLOGY?
Hydrology Means the science of water
Hydrology is a multidisciplinary natural science that deals with the occurrence,
properties, distribution and movement of surface and ground – water on the
earth (in the natural and man-made environments).
Hydrology is the study of the distribution and movement of water both on and
below the Earth’s surface, as well as the impact of human activity on water
availability and conditions.
A professional of hydrology is known as a
hydrologist. Using different scientific techniques and
analytical methods, hydrologists collect and analyze
data to resolve water-related problems such as
natural disasters, environmental preservation, and
water management.
IMPORTANCE OF
HYDROLOGY:
Water Resource Management: Hydrology is essential for
managing and optimizing the use of water resources. It helps
determine how much water is available, where it is located,
and how it can be allocated for various purposes, including
drinking water supply, agriculture, industry, and recreation.
Flood Control: Understanding the flow of water in rivers
and streams is crucial for predicting and mitigating floods.
Hydrologists study rainfall patterns, river flow rates, and
topography to develop flood control measures and early
warning systems.
IMPORTANCE OF
HYDROLOGY:
Agriculture: Reliable hydrological data is vital for agricultural
planning and irrigation management. Farmers rely on hydrology to
determine when and how much to irrigate their crops, which is
essential for food production.
Hydropower Generation: Hydroelectric power is a clean and
renewable energy source. Hydrology is crucial for assessing the
feasibility and capacity of hydropower projects by analyzing river
flow rates and water availability.
Water Quality Management: Hydrologists monitor and manage
water quality, addressing issues such as pollution, sedimentation,
and contamination. Maintaining clean and safe water sources is
essential for public health
IMPORTANCE OF
HYDROLOGY:
Urban Planning: In urban areas, hydrology helps plan for water
supply, sewage systems, and stormwater management. It is crucial
for preventing urban flooding and ensuring a sustainable water
supply for growing cities.
Climate Change Adaptation: Hydrology is vital for studying the
effects of climate change on water resources. Changes in
precipitation patterns, melting glaciers, and altered river flows have
significant implications for water availability and management.
Environmental Conservation: Hydrology contributes to the
conservation of natural areas, including wetlands, rivers, and lakes.
This is crucial for preserving the ecological balance and protecting
endangered species.
IMPORTANCE OF
HYDROLOGY:
Disaster Risk Reduction: Hydrology is instrumental in assessing
and reducing the risk of water-related disasters, such as landslides,
droughts, and tsunamis. Timely data and analysis can help
communities prepare for and respond to these events.
THE IMPORTANCE OF HYDROLOGY IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Drainage Design: Hydrology plays a crucial role in the design of
drainage systems for roads, bridges, buildings, and other
infrastructure. Engineers need to understand rainfall patterns, runoff
rates, and how water flows across surfaces to ensure proper drainage
and prevent flooding.
Flood Risk Assessment: Civil engineers must assess the risk of
flooding in areas prone to heavy rainfall or storm events. Hydrological
studies provide essential data for flood risk modeling and the design of
flood control structures, such as dams and levees.
Bridge and Culvert Design: Engineers rely on hydrological data to
design bridges and culverts that can withstand varying water levels
and flow velocities. This ensures the safety and longevity of these
structures.
THE IMPORTANCE OF HYDROLOGY IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Dam Design and Safety: Hydrology is critical for designing dams
and reservoirs. Engineers need to estimate the inflow and outflow
of water, as well as the potential for floods or droughts, to ensure
dam safety and water storage.
Erosion Control: Understanding water flow patterns is vital for
controlling erosion along slopes, embankments, and riverbanks.
Engineers use hydrological data to implement erosion control
measures effectively.
Water Supply Infrastructure: Hydrology is essential for
designing water supply systems, including the sizing of water
treatment plants, pipelines, and storage facilities. Engineers need
to assess water availability and demand accurately
THE IMPORTANCE OF HYDROLOGY IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Sewage and Wastewater Management: Hydrology is critical for
designing sewage and wastewater systems. Engineers need to
consider factors such as flow rates and wastewater treatment
capacity to ensure efficient and environmentally friendly disposal.
Resilience to Climate Change: As climate change brings more
extreme weather events, hydrology becomes even more important
in civil engineering. Engineers must adapt infrastructure to
withstand increased rainfall, flooding, and droughts.
Environmental Impact Assessment: Civil engineers are
increasingly required to assess and mitigate the environmental
impact of construction projects. Hydrology is used to evaluate how
projects affect local water resources and ecosystems.
Inventory of water on Earth
Lakes, soil moisture,
atmosphere, rivers
Water on land Deep groundwater 1%
3% (750-4000 m)
Shallow groundwater 14%
(<750 m)
11%
74%
97%
Ice caps and glaciers
Oceans
After Berner and Berner, 1987
Percent of Water volume, in Water source
total water cubic miles
97.24% 317.000.000 Oceans
2.14% 7.000.0000 Icecaps, Glaciers
0.61% 2.000.000 Ground water
0.009% 30.0000 Fresh-water lakes
0.008% 25.000 Inland seas
0.005% 16.000 Soil moisture
0.001% 3.100 Atmosphere
0.0001% 300 Rivers
100% 326.000.000 Total water volume
SCIENCES RELATED TO HYDROLOGY:
Hydrometeorology:
Hydrometeorologists mainly study both the atmospheric and terrestrial phases of the
hydrological cycle, with emphasis on the interrelationship between them (i.e. the
transfers of water and energy between the land surface and the lower atmosphere).
Limnology
Limnology is the study of inland waters - lakes (both freshwater and saline),
reservoirs, rivers, streams, wetlands, and groundwater - as ecological systems
interacting with their drainage basins and the atmosphere.
Cryology
1. The study of snow and ice.
2. The science of refrigeration.
Glaciology
Glaciology is the study of ice in the environment. Important components are seasonal
snow, sea ice, glaciers, ice sheets and frozen ground. Ice in all its forms plays a
prominent role in climate and environmental change.
SCIENCES RELATED TO HYDROLOGY:
Geohydrology
Geohydrology is the study of groundwater and its physical and chemical
interactions with the physical environment
Hydrogeology:
Hydrogeology is defined as the science of the occurrence, distribution, and
movement of water below the Earth’s surface…
Potamology:
More specifically, the interdisciplinary branch of hydraulics, hydrology, and
fluid dynamics dealing with surface streams and their regimes.
SCIENCES RELATED TO HYDROLOGY:
Hydrography: Hydrography is the science that measures and describes
the physical features of bodies of water and the land areas adjacent to
those bodies of water. Surveying with multibeam echo sounders is the
primary method of obtaining hydrographic data. By mapping out water
depth, the shape of the seafloor and coastline, the location of possible
obstructions and physical features of water bodies, hydrography helps to
keep our maritime transportation system moving safely and efficiently
hydrometry: Hydrometry is the monitoring of the components
of the hydrological cycle including rainfall, groundwater
characteristics, as well as water quality and flow
characteristics of surface waters
Oceanography: Oceanography is the study of all aspects of
the ocean. Oceanography covers a wide range of topics, from
marine life and ecosystems to currents and waves, the
movement of sediments, and seafloor geology
