THE FOLLOWING ARE THE MAIN EQUIPMENT AT 33/11 KV SUBSTATIONS Circuit breakers 33 kv, 11 kv Power Transformer 33/11 kv AB Switches

33 kv,11 kv Station Battery or small size multiple tripping units for each CB Lightening Arrestors 33 kv, 11 kv Instrument transformers CTs & PTs 33 kv,11 kv Control & Relay panels Control cables and circuitry Station Earth

Regular inspections and preventive maintenance to be done on each of the above equipment are codified as Preventive Maintenance schedules fixing periodicity for each item. The main objective of the maintenance is to maintain the insulation in good condition and to avoid entry of moisture and to remove dirt. The sustained operating temperature of about 8 to 10 Degrees Centigrade more than the operating temperature of 75 Degrees Centigrade will shorten the life of transformer oil, circuit breaker etc. Hence, over loading should be avoided.

As far as possible the temperature of oil and windings shall be maintained at 40 C and 450 C above ambient temperature. If the acidity of oil exceeds 1.0 mg. KOH/Gm of Oil, the oil should be replaced with fresh oil.

STATION BATTERY Battery Operation and Maintenance (A) (B) (C) The Ampere hour capacity of 220V batteries at smaller Sub- station shall be 80. The same at EHT Sub-stations shall be 200 Batteries with 300 Amps hour capacity shall be used only at Power house or Sub- stations where solenoid closing of circuit breakers is in use.

The trickle charging rate shall be Amp hour capacity x 2/24x100 plus regular discharge in amps.

The boost charge rate shall not exceed Amp. Hour capacity divided by ten . The individual cell voltage shall not go down below 2.1 volt. The specific gravity should not differ by more than 30 points between cells in the same battery maximum and minimum. Where the difference is more: electrolyte should be diluted by adding distilled water in cells with higher specific gravity thus narrowing down the difference and all cells in the battery given a boost charge. Under no circumstance electrolyte or concentrated acid should be added to cells with low specific gravity.

Usage of alkali cells and acid cells in the same substation should be avoided to avert inadvertent mix up of electrolyte or usage of accessories of one with the other. Leakage indication lamps should be compulsorily connected on the charges panel for continuous indication of healthiness. Every D.C. Circuit takes off should be through protective fuses (H.R.C) or m.c.bs. (i) (ii) Once in a day A.C. Supply to charges should be switched off and D.C voltage measured and noted. In that condition with no A.C. supply to charger, the duty performance of the battery by closing or tripping of a relatively un-important breaker is to be ensured. Mere availability of D.C Voltage is no index of healthiness of battery. A.C Supply to charger is to be restored immediately after this test.

(iii)

Certain charger panels have Switch Off arrangement whenever A.C supply fails. There should be switched on after each restoration of supply. Leakages in D.C circuitry should be attended on top priority first by sectionalisation, then by isolation and finally be rectification.

Lead Acid Batteries (Common)

Check up the Electricity to level in the cell of all the cells in morning shift every day. If the electrolyte is low, top up the cell with distilled water. Check up the voltage and specific gravity of six cells in each shift and record as per cell numbers given ( PILOT CELLS) Check up the D.C voltage of the combined cell (battery) after switching off the battery charger every day in the morning shift. Record the battery voltage and current with the charger off. Ensure that the battery is in floating condition normally by adjusting the rheostat of the charger.

Never charge a battery at a voltage higher than 2.4 V per cell i.e., it works out to 264 V for 220 V Battery and limit the charger ampere capacity also. If any of the cells is found to be having low voltage and specific gravity, by pass the cell. The removed cell should be charged separately and replaced after the voltage and specific gravity attains normal value. Improvement should not be attempted by adding acid to electrolyte. Check the condition of all the cells every month for voltage and specific gravity. Charge the battery if required. The voltage and specific gravity readings shall be taken before and after charging . The charging rate shall be limited to 10 hours rating to avoid excessive gassing and evaporation of Electrolyte.

All the cells shall be physically checked for fracture and buckling of the container and excessive rise. Check battery terminals for tightness. Apply Vaseline ( Petroleum jelly) whenever necessary. This check should be attempted after the battery is brought to full charge. Keep the charger off, observe the voltage with D.C lighting on continuously for two hours. Observe the voltage and current. The voltage should not fall by 10% when the discharge on the battery is at 10Hr i.e., 25 Amps for 250Hrs. battery 30 Amps for 300hrs. battery etc. Every discharge shall be compensated by charging. As the ampere hour efficiency is always less than unity, the charging ampere hours shall be more than discharge ampere hours.

The battery charger panels, in some case have a no volt trips. Whenever A/C supply fails, the charger should be switched on after restoration of AC supply.

Instrument Transformers
An instrument transformers role is to provide accurate inputs to protection, control and metering systems including revenue metering. The main tasks of Instrument Transformers are: To transform currents or voltages from usually a high value to a value easy to handle for relays and instruments. To insulate the metering circuit from the primary high voltage system To provide possibilities of standardizing the instruments and relays to a few rated currents and voltage.

Current Transformer:
The Primary winding in a current transformer is incorporated in the line and carries the current flowing in the network. The magnitude of the secondary current is dependent of the Ratio of the transformer.

Accuracy:
The quality of measurement which characterize the ability of measuring instrument to give indication equivalent to the true value of the quantity measured. Accuracy limits specified in a particular standard for different loads and power factor differs. Failure of Its can cause malfunction of system protections , controls and metering devices and, in some catastrophic failures, damages to nearby power equipment, or injury to personnel in the vicinity.

Dissipation Factor:
The ratio of the power loss in a dielectric material to the total power transmitted through the dielectric, the imperfection of the dielectric. Equal to the tangent of the loss angle. Most plastics have a low Dissipation Factor , a desirable property because it minimizes the waste of elec. Energy as heat.

De=1/2

= tan

Where F= Cp= Rp= = Frequency of applied voltage Equivalent parallel capacity Equivalent parallel Resistance Loss angle

Loss Angle A measure of the power loss in an inductor or a capacitor, equal to the amount by which the angle between the phasors denoting voltage and current across the inductor/ capacitor differs from 900 . For an ideal capacitor , it is ZERO.