Modeling microgrid for
Analytical Distribution
System Reliability
Evaluation
PRESENTATION BY:
GRADUATION PROJECT TEAM 2025
Agenda
o1. Introduction
o2. Problems Addressed
o3. Goals of the Research
o4. Power Flow Study
o5. Five Bus model
2
Background
1 Modern power distribution systems are evolving
with the integration of distributed energy
resources (DERs), energy storage systems
(ESSs), and microgrids (MGs).
2 Microgrids are key components of the next-
generation power systems, offering benefits such as
increased renewable energy penetration, reduced
reliance on fossil fuels, and improved system
reliability.
One of the most critical advantages of MGs is their
3
ability to operate in islanded mode during main
grid outages, providing backup power to local loads
and enhancing system reliability.
3
1 Importance of Reliability
Evaluation
With the growing dependence on electricity and
the adoption of performance-based regulations,
there is a surge in interest in distribution
system reliability studies.
The integration of MGs into distribution systems
has made reliability assessment more complex,
requiring advanced techniques to account for
the dynamic behavior of MGs and their
interaction with the main grid.
TEACH A COURSE 4
2 Research Gap
Existing reliability models for MGs are either too
simplified, leading to inaccuracies, or too detailed,
resulting in high computational burdens.
There is a need for a balanced approach that
combines analytical and simulation-based
techniques to accurately and efficiently evaluate the
reliability of distribution systems with multiple MGs.
5
3 Objective of the Research.
This research aims to develop a reliability model
for self-controlled MGs that can be used in
analytical distribution system reliability evaluations.
The proposed model leverages Monte Carlo
simulation and mixed-integer linear
programming (MILP) for optimal scheduling and
resource management of MGs, simplifying and
accelerating reliability assessments.
6
Problems Addressed
1 Complexity of MG
Modeling
MGs consist of various components
such as DERs, ESSs, and controllable
loads, making their detailed modeling
computationally intensive.
Existing models either oversimplify
MG behavior or require excessive
computational resources, limiting
their applicability in large-scale
distribution systems.
7
Problems Addressed
2 Reliability Assessment
Challenges
Traditional reliability evaluation
methods are not well-suited for
modern distribution systems with
high penetration of MGs and DERs.
The intermittent nature of renewable
energy sources and the dynamic
behavior of MGs during islanded
operation add complexity to
reliability studies.
8
Problems Addressed
3 Lack of Efficient Analytical
Frameworks
Most existing approaches rely heavily on
simulation-based techniques, which, while
adaptable, become computationally
expensive as the system size grows.
There is a need for an analytical
framework that can efficiently evaluate the
reliability of distribution systems with
multiple MGs without requiring detailed
component-level modeling.
9
Problems Addressed
4 Integration of Emergency Energy
Transactions
During grid outages, MGs can provide
backup power not only to their local loads
but also to critical loads in the distribution
system through emergency energy
transactions.
Existing models often fail to account for
these transactions, leading to inaccurate
reliability assessments.
10
Goal of research
1 Develop a Probabilistic Reliability
Model for MGs
Create a multi-state probabilistic model for
MGs using Monte Carlo simulation and MILP-
based optimization for optimal scheduling and
resource management.
The model should account for the uncertainty
of DERs, load shedding, and MG operating
strategies while maintaining simplicity for use
in distribution system reliability studies.
11
Goal of research
2 Simplify MG Representation for
Reliability Studies
Aggregate all MG components into equivalent
distributed generation (DG) units to
reduce computational complexity.
Enable the use of the proposed MG model in
various normative applications, such as
distribution system planning, operation
scheduling, and reliability assessment.
12
Goal of research
3 Demonstrate the Effectiveness of the
Proposed Method
Validate the proposed model and framework
through implementation on a modified IEEE
test system.
Compare the results with existing methods to
demonstrate the accuracy and computational
efficiency of the proposed approach.
13
Goal of research
4 Enhance Distribution System
Reliability
Show how the integration of MGs and the proposed
reliability model can improve key reliability indices
such as SAIFI (System Average Interruption
Frequency Index), SAIDI (System Average
Interruption Duration Index), and EENS
(Expected Energy Not Served).
14
Five Model PJM5 : Goals
Power system Power Flow Study Voltage Calculation
economic
15
Power Flow Study
Bus data Voltage magnitude
Voltage angle
LOAD
Line data Real/reactive power
FLOW
Generator/load Current flow
Data Power losses
16
Power Flow Study
V 2 V .V
V11 *
S 1 1 2 1 2 R j. X
12 R j. X R j. X
S V .I *
S * V *.I S*
V 2 R V V R j. XV 2 j.V V
1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1
12
R2 X 2
* * V V
S V 1 1 2 2
12 1 1 R j. X
*
S
V12 X V1V2 [Link]( 21 ) V1V2 X Sin( 21 ) j. XV12 V1V2R Sin( 21) V1V 2 X Cos( 21
2 12 R2 X 2
* V V V V .V
S V 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2
12 1 1 R j. X R j. X
17
Power Flow Study
S*
V 1
2
X V1V2 [Link]( 21 ) V1V2 X Sin( 21 ) j. XV12 V1V2 R Sin( 21 ) V1V2 X Cos(21 )
12 R2 X 2
S Conj ( S * )
S
V 1
2
X V1V2 [Link]( 21 ) V1V2 X Sin( 21 ) j. XV12 V1V2 R Sin( 21 ) V1V2 X Cos( 21 )
R2 X 2
S P JQ
18
Power Flow Study
1 2 [Link]( 21 ) VV
1 2 X Sin( 21 ) 1 2 R Sin( 21 ) VV
XV12 VV 1 2 X Cos( 21 )
2
V .R VV Q12
P12 1
R2 X 2 R2 X 2
Plosses P12 P21 Qlosses Q12 Q21
Plosses
V 1
2
V2 2 .R 2V1V2 [Link]( 21 ) 1 2 .X 2V1V2 Cos( 21 )
V 2
V 2
2 2 Qlosses
R X R2 X 2
19
Power Flow Study
Summary of the equations Between two
nodes n,j
Vn 2 .R VnV j [Link]( j ,n ) VnV j X Sin( j ,n ) XVn 2 VnV j R Sin( j , n ) VnV j X Cos( j , n )
Pn , j Qn , j
R2 X 2 R2 X 2
Plosses
V n
2
V j 2 .R 2VnV j [Link]( j , n )
Qlosses
V n
2
V j 2 . X 2VnV j Cos( j ,n )
2
R X 2 R2 X 2
20
Five Bus Model
21
Five Bus Model
Generation Parameters
Gen. Name Alta Park City Solitude Sundance Brighton
Bus A A c D E
Cost (S/MWh) 14 15 30 40 10
MW Limit 40 170 520 200 600
MVar Limit ±30 ±127.5 ±390 50 ±450
Load data
Bus A B c D E
MW 0 300 300 400 0
MVar 0 98.61 98.61 131.47 0
22
Five Bus Model
Line parameter and limits
Line AB AD AE BC CD DE
R (%) 0.281 0.304 0.064 0.108 0.297 0.297
x (0/0) 2.81 3.04 0.64 1.08 2.97 2.97
B/2 (103) 3.56 3.29 15.63 9.26 3.37 3.37
Limit (M VA) 400 240
Gen. Dispatch Results from the lossless DCOPF model for the
revised PJM 5-bus system
Gen Alta Park City Solitude Sundance Brighton Brighton
MIW 40 170 323.49 0 466.51
23
Lesson one
summary
What we’ve learned so far
Skill one
Familiarize students with the basics of
computer engineering and the key
components of a computer system.
Skill two
Introduce students to digital logic,
Boolean algebra, and the design of logic
circuits.
Skill three
Explore the internal organization of
computers, including CPU design and
memory systems.
Course progress
o1. Intro to Computer Engineering
o2. Digital Logic and Boolean Algebra
o3. Computer Architecture
o4. Programming Fundamentals
o5. Data Structure and Algorithms
TEACH A COURSE 25
Course progress (2)
o1. Intro to Computer Engineering
o2. Digital Logic and Boolean Algebra
o3. Computer Architecture
o4. Programming Fundamentals
o5. Data Structure and Algorithms
TEACH A COURSE 26
Thank you
Office hours:
M-Th 3:00pm-4:30pm room C402
Please send all questions to:
gehad@[Link]
