MATRICES

MATRICES
MATRICES

MULTIPLICATION OF
TWO MATRICES
 MATRICES
MULTIPLICATION OF TWO MATRICES
 We say,matrices A & B are conformable for
If we observe the
if the number of columns in A is equal
multiplication to of
order theA number
and B of
rows in B.
 Let A=[aij]m×n and B=[bjk]n×p be two matrices.
Then the Matrix where C=[cik]m×p is called the
product of A and B
𝒏
How will we
∑
𝒄 𝒊𝒌= 𝒂 𝒊𝒋 𝒃 𝒋𝒌get this
𝒋=𝟏 matrix?
 It is denoted by AB.
MATRICES

1 2 3 1 2 3 4
e.g. If A= B= 2 0 1 2
3 2 1
2x
1 3 4 0 3x
3
4
1+4+3 2+0+9 3+2+12 4+4+0
AB=
3+4+1 6+0+3 9+2+4 12+4+0
8 11 17 8
AB=
8 9 15 16
MATRICES
PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION

 If the product AB exists,it is not necessary

that
No. of rows in
the product BA will also2 No. of rows in 2
A=
No. of columns in of
No. B= in 3
2 columns
exist.
A= Then theB= No. of columns in A
e.g
order of A
. 2 1 3 2 0 = No. of rows in B
Let A= and B=is…
1 3 1 0 4
x x
Then the
order of B
is…
MATRICES
Now 2 1 3 2 0
AB= 1 3 1 0 4

2×3+1×1 2×2+1×0 2×0+1×4

=
1×3+3×1 1×2 +3×0
Here, 1×0+3×4
columns
= 7 4 4 in BDoes
≠ BA
6 2 12 rows in
exist?
A
No. of columns in B = 3
No. of rows in A = 2
 BA does not exist.
MATRICES
AB exists and BA does not
 exist. If we
Even if AB observe the
and BA exist, they need not be of equal
[Link] problemBut this is
That means if AB
e.g not always
exists, BA may or
. true
may not exist
2 3
Let A= 4 5 And B= 6 7 8
9 10 112x3
6 7 3x2

then AB of order
3x3
and BA of order 2x2 exist but not equal.
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 Even AB and BA are of same order, they need not
be equal.
Observe here
2 3 0 4
e.g Let A= AB and BA
and B=are
1 of
2 same order
-1 2
.

2 3 But
0 they
4 are-3 14
Now, AB= =
1 -1 2equal -2 8 2x2
2 not

0 4 2 3 4 8
Now, BA= =
-1 2 1 2 0 1
2x2
Hence, Matrix multiplication is not commutative.
MATRICES
 Matrix multiplication is associative. i.e., if
conformability is assured for the matrices A, B and
C
(AB)C=A(B
C)
 Matrix multiplication is distributive over matrix
addition
i.e.., If conformability is assured for the
matrices A, B and C

A(B+C)=AB+AC and
(B+C)A=BA+CA
MATRICES
 If AB=0,it is not necessary that
either A=0or B=0

1 0 0 0
e.g Let A= and B=
. 2 0 3 4

1 0 0 0
AB =
2 0 3 4

0 0
= =O
0 0

Here AB=0but A≠0 and B ≠0

MATRICES
If AB=ACit is not necessary thatB=C

1 0 0 0 0 0
A= B= C=
2 0 3 4 5 6

0 0 0 0 0 0
AB = = =O
5 6 5 6 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0
AC = = =O
2 0 5 6 0 0

Here, AB=AC but B≠C

 MATRICES

MCQS
1)Multiplication of two matrices A and B is possible when__
1) Number of rows in A=Number of rows in
B
2) Number of columns in A=Number of columns
in B
3) Number of columns in A=Number of rows in
B
4) None
MATRICES

3 1
2 3 5
2) A= , B= 1 0 then AB=?
4 1 2
2 1
19 7 19 7
1) 3)
17 5 16 6

19 7 18 7
2) 4)
17 6 16 6
MATRICES

3 1 2 3 5
3) A= 1 0 , B= 4 1 2 then AB=?
2 1 1 0 1
7 10
11 10
1) 3) 5 0
2 6
2 1
18 7
2) AB is not possible 4)
16 6
MATRICES

EXERCISE 3.2
VERY SHORT ANSWER
PROBLEMS
MATRICES
2) If A= and B= then find AB and BA
Does AB
exist or
So, AB
Solution not? Let
exists
us check
No. of columns in A =
2
No. of rows in B = 2

Now 2 3 0 4
AB= 1 2 -1 2

2×0+3×-1 2×4+3×2
= =
1×0+2×-1 1×4+2×2
MATRICES
Does BA
No. of columns in B
exist
So, BAor
=2
not? Let us
exists
No. of rows in A
check
=2
Now 0 4 2 3
BA= -1 2 1 2

0×2+4×1 0×3+4×2
=
-1×2+2×1 -1×3+2×2

=
MATRICES
3) Find A2 If A=
It can be
written as
Solutio
n
A2 A×A= 4 2 4 2
= -1 1 -1 1

4×4+2×-1 4×2+2×1
=
-1×4+1×-1 -1×2+1×1

=
MATRICES
4) If A= then find A4? This is a
It can be unit
written as matrix
Solutio
n =3
A=
= 3I

[ ]
1 0 0
 A4 = 34I= 81I= 81 0 1 0
0 0 1

[ ]
81 0 0
¿ 0 81 0
0 0 81
 MATRICES
5) If A = and A2 = O, find k?
What is
the given
 =
Solution:A2 = O  AA=O condition?
By equating
corresponding
2×2+4×-12×4+4×k
 =
It can be elements
-1×2+k×-1 -1×4×k×k
written as
0 8+4k
 =
-2-k -4+k2

 8+4k = 0  k = -2
MATRICES

EXERCISE 3.2
SHORT ANSWER PROBLEMS
MATRICES
We have
to find AB What do
1) If A=, B= Does AB
& BA we find
exist?
first?
then examine whether A and B commute
with respect to multiplication of
matrices.
Solution
No. of columns in Yes AB
A=3 exists
No. of rows in
B=3
MATRICES
AB=

1×1+-2×0+ 3×1 1×0+-2×1+3×2 1×2+-2×2+3×0

= 2×1+3×0+-1×1 2×0+3×1+-1×2 2×2+3×2+-1×0
-3×1+1×0+2×1 -3×0+1×1+ 2×2 -3×2+1×2+ 2×0

4 4 -2
= 1 1 10
-1 5 -4
MATRICES
No. of columns in BA=
B=3
No. of rows in
A=3
1×1+0×2+2×-3 1×-2+0×3+2×1 1×3+0×-1+2×2
= 0×1+1×2+2×-3 0×-2+1×3+2×1 0×3+1×-1+2×2
1×1+2×2+0×-3 1×-2+2×3+0×1 1×3+2×-1+ 0×2
-5 0 7
BA= -4 5 3
5 4 1
MATRICES
Observe the
4 4 -2 -5 0 7
Write down the results of results AB
NO and
AB= 1 1 10 AB &BA=
BA -4 5 3 BA. Are they
equal?
-1 5 -4 5 4 1

AB≠BA

So A,B do not commute with respect to multiplication

MATRICES
3) If I=, E= then show that
By(aI+bE)
adding3 = a3I+3a2bE
corresponding
Solution: L.H.S. (aI+bE)
3 elements
Firstly, we
=
aI+bE= a +b = + simplify L.H.S
For this we
calculate
=
aI+bE first
By scalar
(aI+bE
=
[)2a
][
b a b
]
multiplication
0 a 0 a

a2+0 ab+ab =
= 0+0 0+a2
MATRICES
(aI+bE)3 (aI+bE) If we
And then
= (aI+bE)2 observe
L.H.S=[Link]
= = calculate
= the
It can be values
S of
value of R.H.S
written as L.H.S &
R.H.S. R.H.S
=
a I+3a bE
=
3 2 a
𝟑 1
0 [0 𝟐 0 1
1
+3 a b
] [ ]
0 0

[ ][ ]
𝟑 𝟐
a 0 0 3 a b
¿ 𝟑+
0 a 0 0

[ ]
𝟑 𝟐
a 3a b
¿
0 a𝟑
(aI+bE)3 =
a3I+3a2bE
MATRICES
4) If  -=/2, show
that What is the
cos 
2 cossin cos2 cossin
given =

cossin sin2condition?
cossin sin2
Apply ‘cos’ 0

Solution on both
sides
- = /2
cos(-) =
cos[/2]
cos(-) = 0
 MATRICES
cos2 cossin cos2 cossin
L.H.S = 
cossin sin2 cossin sin2

cos2cos2+cossincossin cos2cossin+cossinsin2
Apply CosACosB+
= cossincos2
+sin
SinASinB=Cos(A-B)
2
Take cossin cossincossin+sin2 sin2
Take
‘coscos’ 
‘cossin’
Take
as common as common
Take ‘sinsin’
coscos(coscos+sinsin)cossin(coscos+sinsin)
‘sincos’ as common
= sincos(coscos+sinsin) sinsin(coscos+sinsin)
as common
MATRICES
coscoscos(-) cossincos(- We know
= sincoscos(- ) that
sincoscos(-
cos(-)=0
) )
coscos.0 coscos.
= sincos .0 0
sincos .
0
= =0 =R.H.S

L.H.S = R.H.S
MATRICES
We have
5.i) If A= then show to
that A 2
-4A-5I = 0
calculate A2,
4A, 5I
Solutio separately
n A2=

1×1+2×2+2×2 1×2+2×1+2×2 1×2 + 2×2+2×1

= 2×1+1×2+ 2×2 2×2+1×1+2×2 2×2+ 1×2+2×1
2×1+2×2+1×2 2×2+2×1+1×2 2×2+ 2×2+1×0
MATRICES
=

[ ]
9 8 8
¿ 8 9 8
8 8 9

[ ]
1 2 2 4 8 8
4A¿ 4 2 1 2 = 8 4 8
2 2 1
8 8 4
MATRICES

[ ]
1 0 0 Substitute A2, 4A,
5I¿ 5 0 1 0 5I in the given
0 0 1 L.H.S

5 0 0
= 0 5 0
0 0 5
MATRICES

A2-4A-5I

=
Subtract
correspondin
g elements

[ ]
0 0 0
¿ 0 0 0 = 0 = R.H.S
0 0 0
MATRICES

EXERCISE 3.2
LONG ANSWER PROBLEMS
MATRICES

1) If A=, then show that An= for all

positive integers n

Solutio
To prove this,
n
we use
Let S(n) be the given
“Mathematic
statement
S(n): An= al Induction’’
MATRICES
If n=1 In Step
Go for
Among those…
A1= mathematical
2 i.e
STEP 1 is
Induction
Inductivewe
verification
have 3 steps
hypothesis
A = [ 3
1
−4
−1 ]
S(1) is
true
Assume that S(K) is true

Ak =
MATRICES
Now AGo
k+1
=A.A [
k
=
for Step13 −1 k[]
3 −4 1+2 k −4 k
1−2 k]
It i.e
can be
written
[
Generalization
¿ as
1+2 k − k ]
3+6 k −4 k −12 k −4+8 k
−4 k −1+2 k

¿
[ 1+ k −2 k −1 ]
3+2 k −4 k −4

¿
[ k +1 1−2−2 k ]
1+2+2 k −4( k +1)
MATRICES

¿
[ 1+2( k +1)
k +1
−4( k +1)
1−2( k +1) ]
S(K+1) is true

By Principle of finite mathematical induction S(n)

is true nN

An=
MATRICES
2) If A=, then show that An= for
In
Among
all positive integers n
mathematical
those.. STEP
To prove this Induction
1 is we
Solution we use have 3 steps
verification
“Mathematical
Let S(n) be the given
Induction”
statement
S(n): An =

If
n=1
MATRICES
A1 = =
Go for
= Go
A for Step
Step 32
i.e Inductive
i.e
S(1) is true hypothesis
Generalization

Assume that S(K) is true

 AkIt=can be
written as

Now Ak+1 = AkA =[

cosk θ
− sink θ []
sink θ cos θ
cosk θ − sin θ
sin θ
cos θ ]
MATRICES
coskcos-sinksin cosksin+sinkcos
=
-sinkcos-cosksin -sinksin+coskcos
CosACosB-SinASinB=Cos(A+B) SinACosB+CosASinB=Sin(A+B)
sinAcosB+cosAsinB=Sin(A+B)
Take ‘-’ as common CosACosB-SinASinB=Cos(A+B)
cos(k+ ) sin(k+ )
Take ‘’
=-[sinkcos+cosksin] cos(k+ )
as common

cos(k+ ) sin(k+ )
= -sin(k+ ) cos(k+ )

=
MATRICES
S(K+1) is true
By Principle of Mathematical Induction S(n) is
true for all nN

An= nN
MATRICES

Thank
you…