drugs acting on the

GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
with Vitamins, Minerals, and other Nutritional Agents
Abesta Baul Bergado Perigo Rodriguez Shepherd Yaez

ANTIEMETICS
Oh, Domz, hali na. Ikaw report ani.

Antihistamines
Act by binding to and blocking acetylcholine receptors, thus preventing the nauseous stimuli from being transmitted

Neuroleptic Agents
Act by binding with dopamine2 receptors to minimize the effect of dopamine and to limit emetic input in the medullary emetic center

Prokinetic Agents
Act by blocking dopamine, but also stimulate acetylcholine to increase gastric emptying

Serotonin-Blocking Agents
Act by blocking serotonin receptors in the GI tract and the CNS. They selectively antagonize 5-hydroxytrytamine3 receptors, thus preventing the transmission of afferent visceral and chemoreceptor triggers that cause nausea and vomiting

DRUGS USED TO TREAT HYPERACIDITY AND GERD

Yok. Ikaw report ani.

Antacids
Act by reducing the corrosiveness of the gastric acid and decrease pepsin activity

Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonists

Act by inhibiting the action of histamine at the histamine-sensitive H2 receptor sites of the parietal cells in the stomach

Proton Pump Inhibitors

Act by suppressing gastric acid secretion by blocking the final step in gastric acid production through the inhibition of H+, K+ATPase in the gastric parietal cells

Sucralfate (Carafate)
Appears to combine with protein at the affected site to form an adherent complex that covers the ulcer and protects it from further attack by acid, pepsin, and bile salts

Misoprostol (Cytotec)
Decreases gastric acid secretion and possibly exert a protective effect on the mucosal surface of the stomach

Metoclopramide
Act by stimulating the motility of the upper GI tract without stimulating the production of gastric, biliary, or pancreatic secretions.

Metoclopramide
Act by stimulating the motility of the upper GI tract without stimulating the production of gastric, biliary, or pancreatic secretions.

LAXATIVES
Hmmm. Ciara, ikaw ani.

Stimulant Laxatives
Act by increasing the motility of the GI tract by chemical irritation of the intestinal mucosa or by a more selective action on specific nerves in the intestinal wall

Saline Laxatives
Act by drawing water through the intestinal wall by osmotic action and thereby increasing the fluidity of the stool and stimulate greater intestinal motility

Bulk-Forming Laxatives
Act by absorbing fluid and swell in the intestine, thereby stimulating peristaltic action

Lubricant Laxatives
Act as lubricants to facilitate the passage of the fecal mass through the intestine

Stool Softeners
Are detergent-like drugs that permit easier penetration and mixing of fats and fluids with the fecal mass. This results in a softer, more easily passed stool

Suppositories
Act by releasing carbon dioxide gas when inserted rectally the gas distends the wall of the lower colon and stimulates the defecation reflex

Lactulose
When administered orally, this sugar is not digested or absorbed in the stomach or small intestine and passes to the colon unchanged. It is digested by colon bacteria to form acidic substances such as lactic acid, formic acid, and acetic acid. These compounds cause water to be drawn and retained by the colon, thereby increasing stool water content and producing a laxative effect

Polyethylene Glycol-Electrolyte Solution

Causes a large volume of water to be retained in the colon. This results in the induction of a diarrheal state within 30 to 60 minutes after starting therapy

Enemas
The administration of liquids directly into the lower colon by the use of an enema is often useful in eliciting a laxative response, as well as in cleansing the bowel prior to a surgical, diagnostic, or obstetrical procedure

ANTIDIARRHEAL AGENTS
Ate MJ, ikaw na pud ani.

Opium derivatives or opiates

Contain morphine that reduces the propulsive movement of the small intestine and colon and thereby permit dehydration of intestinal contents to take place

Anticholinergic drugs
Act by reducing intestinal motility and reverse the diarrheal condition

Adsorbents
Act by binding drugs, digestive enzymes, toxins, bacteria, and other noxious substances that may be the cause of the diarrheal condition

VITAMINS, MINERALS, AND OTHER NUTRITIONAL AGENTS

Te Pol, Clyde, Je. Tungaa ni ninyo.

Protein
Essential for the synthesis, maintenance, and repair of body tissues; for energy production; for the continuation of enzymatic and immunological processes; and the maintenance of osmotic pressure in the vasculature

Fat
Provides the body with essential fatty acids and, along with carbohydrates, helps to spare protein for its tissue-building and repairing functions. It is also a carrier of fatsoluble vitamins, hormones, and components of human cell membranes

Carbohydrate
Spares protein from being used for energy, thereby allowing it to be used for tissue growth and repair; aid in fat utilization and prevent the breakdown of fat in the body

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

Stimulates collagen formation and enhances tissue repair

Cholecaciferol (Vitamin D3)

Biologically active vitamin D metabolite, controls intestinal absorption of dietary calcium, tubular reabsorption of calcium by kidney, and calcium mobilization from skeleton; acts directly on bone cells to stimulate skeletal growth and on parathyroid glands to suppress PTH synthesis and secretions

Chromium (Chromic chloride)

Glucose-tolerance factor component, which activates insulin-mediated reactions; helps maintain normal glucose metabolism and peripheral nerve function

Copper
Cofactor for ceruloplasmin, helps maintain normal rate of red and white blood cell formation

Cyanocobalamin; Hydroxocobalamin crystalline (Vitamin B12)

Essential to growth, cell reproduction, hematopoiesis, and nucleoprotein, and myelin synthesis; also participates in nucleic acid synthesis; plays a role in the RBC formation through activation of folic acid coenzymes

Doxercalciferol
Synthetic vitamin D analogue; acts directly to stimulate and suppress parathyroid hormone synthesis and secretion

Folic acid
Stimulates production of red and white blood cells and platelets in some megaloblastic anemias

Chelated Manganese, Manganese Chloride

Cofactor in various enzyme systems; stimulates hepatic cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis and influences mucopolysaccharide synthesis

Niacin (nicotinic acid, B3)

Component of two coenzymes essential to oxidation-reduction reactions

Paricalcitol
Synthetic vitamin D analogue; supresses parathyroid hormone in patients with chronic renal failure

Phytonadione (Vitamin K1)

Promotes hepatic synthesis of active prothrombin, proconvertin, plasma thromboplastin component, and stuart factor

Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B6)

Converts to physiologically active forms of vitamin B6, which promotes metabolic functions affecting carbohydrate, protein, and lipid use

Retinol (Vitamin A)
Stimulates and supports retinal function, reproduction, bone growth, epithelial tissue differentiation, and embryonic development

Riboflavin (lactoflavin, vitamin B2)

Serves as two coenzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions such as glucose oxidation, amino acid deamination, and fatty acid breakdown

Selenium
Guards cell components against oxidative damage caused by peroxides generated during cellular metabolism

Thiamine (Vitamin B1)

Combines with ATP and thiamine diphosphokinase to form thiamine pyprophosphate, a coenzyme essential for normal growth and aerobic metabolism, nerve impulse transmission, and acetylcholine synthesis

Tocopherols (alpha tocopherols, Vitamin E)

Protects cellular components from oxidation, prevents formation of toxic oxidation products, maintains integrity of RBC wall, protects RBCs against hemolysis, stimulates steroid metabolism, suppresses prostaglandin production, and inhibits platelet aggregation

Zinc chloride, Zinc gluconate, Zinc sulfate

Cofactor for more than 70 enzymes; promotes wound healing and helps maintain normal growth rate, normal skin hydration, and taste and smell sensattions

REPORT ENDS HERE

Abesta Baul Bergado Perigo Rodriguez Shepherd Yaez