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Body lacks the enzymes to hydrolyze the chemical bonds that link the molecules
of sugars that make up plant fibers.
Fibrous food and any undigested carbohydrates are fermented to varying degrees
by bacteria in the human colon, but only 5% to 10% of the energy needed by the
human can be derived from this process (Engylst and Englyst, 2005)
GI Tract
Largest organ in the body with the largest surface area
The cell lining the intestines have a life span of 3-5 days
Esophagus: Transport food and liquid from the oral cavity and
pharynx to the stomach.
Stomach: food is mixed with acidic fluids and proteolytic and
lipolytic enzymes
Small Intestines: Most digestion takes place here
Brief Overview of Digestive &
Absorptive Processes
https://youtu.be/ytGii8p1TJY
Enzymes in Digestion
Digestion accomplished by hydrolysis under direction of enzymes
Enzymes are synthesized in specialized cells in the mouth, stomach,
pancreas, and SI and released into the lumen
Sight and smell of food stimulates vagal activity and secretion of acid from
parietal cells
Neuropeptide Hormones
Gastrin
Secretin
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Motilin
Somatostatin
Neuropeptide Hormones
Gastrin – stimulates gastric secretions and motility
Secreted from endocrine “G” cells in the antral mucosa of the stomach.
1. Distention of antrum after a meal
2. Impulses from vagus nerve – smell or sight of food
3. Presence in the antrum of secretagogues (fermented alcoholic beverages,
partially digested proteins, caffeine or food extract)
Glottis provides marvelous control to keep food from going to the lungs
Upper portion of the stomach (fundus), to mid-portion (corpus) and then the
antrum and pylorus.
2000-2500ml gastric juice secreted daily
21- 30 feet long and the main site for CHO and FAT digestion.
Duodenum (8”)
Lamina propria
Assignment 1
Prepare and submit a tri-fold leaflet on celiac disease
Definition
Symptoms & Causes (include foods to avoid)
Intervention (include foods allowed)
Self-management
Reference
Passive diffusion
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Large Intestine
Absorption remaining water and salts, bacteria fermentation, synthesis of a
small amount vitamins, storage, and excretion
Escherichia colii
Inactive pepsinogen is converted into the enzyme pepsin when contact HCL
and other pepsin molecules.
Digestion takes place in the upper portion of small intestines but continues
throughout GI tract
Proteins
End product of protein indigestion are absorbed as both amino acids and small
peptides
Some transporters are sodium- and/or chloride-dependent,
Absorbed peptides and amino acids are transported to the liver via the portal
vein for metabolism by liver and are released into the general circulation.
Absorption is completed by the time protein reaches the jejunum
Small amount of amino acids in the epithelial cells are used for synthesis of
new protein
Lipids
97% of dietary lipids are in the form of triglycerides and the rest are in the
form of phospholipids and cholesterol
Entrance of fat and protein into small intestines stimulates the release of
CCK and enterogastrone inhibit gastric secretions and motility, thus slowing
the delivery of lipids.
Large fatty meal remain in the stomach for 4 hours or longer
Chelation
Psychologic factors –
appearance, smell, and taste of food in addition to emotional states, have an impact
on digestion
Increase secretion of GI hormones, fluids, and enzymes increase muscular activity
of the GI tract
Strong odors, noxious stimuli, and very strong emotions may induce nausea and
vomiting.
Ageing affects digestions through impaired protein turnover rate, reduced anabolic
hormones production, and inadequate intake
Food Processing
Freezing, preserving, microwaving, baking and frying can alter solubility,
microbial counts, structure and digestibility of foods and even increase the
formation of potentially harmful foods.
Ascorbic acid and folate can be destroyed by prolonged cooking
Enrichment replaces several of the lost nutrients but not the dietary fiber or
phytochemicals
Reference
Mahan, L. K. and Escott-Stump, S. Krause’s Food, Nutrition and Diet
Therapy, 12th ed. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia 2008.