PHYSIOLOGICAL

REACTION IN STOMACH
AND INTESTINE
PT :- 1

BY :- DIVYANSH KOLHE
CLASS :- 10thA
ROLL NO. :- 15
SUBJECT :- BIOLOGY
 INTRODUCTION

The stomach is a hollow organ that is part of the gastrointestinal system, and it is responsible
for functions including the formation of chyme, synthesis of proteins necessary for vitamin
absorption, microbial defenses, and propagates the peristaltic reflex. Contrary to popular
thought, the stomach does not contribute to the absorption of any nutrients. This organ can is in
the peritoneal cavity, located in the left upper abdominal quadrant or in the epigastric
abdominal region that acts to relay ingested food between the nervous system and the
endocrine system. Gastric acid secretion, peristaltic propulsion, and other physiologic functions
of the stomach are finely controlled by the integration of the enteric nervous system,
parasympathetic nervous system, and the secretion of various neurohormonal molecules (i.e.,
gastrin, HCl acid, intrinsic factor, bicarbonate, mucus, etc.)[1][2][3]
 As a component of the alimentary canal (i.e., the tubal passageway for ingested food to be
digested, absorbed, then excreted as waste), the stomach’s physiological function is
structured around creating an environment where the food ingested can be safely acted on
by proteolytic enzymes and acidic solutions. There are pathologic consequences that can
develop with the failure of the gastric mucosa to isolate the lumenal contents from the
surrounding peritoneal cavity.
 FUNCTION OF STOMACH

The stomach is a large organ which expands when food enters it.
Both the chemical and mechanical digestion take place in
stomach.
Food get digested in stomach by churning movement of wall of
stomach and by getting mixed with gastric juice secreted by
gastric gland situated on the wall of stomach which contains
mucus ,hcl(hydrochloric acid) pepsin etc.
1. The HCL acide creates an acidic medium which facilitates the action of the
enzyme pepsin.
2. The mucus protect the inner lining of the stomach from the acion of the acid
under normal condition.
What is the main physiological
function of the stomach?

 The stomach has 3 main functions:

temporary storage for food, which
passes from the esophagus to the
stomach where it is held for 2 hours
or longer. Mixing and breakdown
of food by contraction and
relaxation of the muscle layers in
the stomach. Digestion of food.
What are the four function of
stomach?

 The four key components of gastric digestive function are

its function as a reservoir, acid secretion, enzyme secre-
tion and its role in gastrointestinal motility. The reservoir
ca- pacity of the stomach allows it to increase its volume
sig- nificantly while internal pressure increases only
slightly.
 STOMACH To Small Intestine

The exit of food from the stomach is

regulated by a sphincter muscle which
release it in small amount into the small
intestine. From the stomach, the food now
enters the small intestine.
This is the longest part of the alimentary
canal which is fitted into a compact space
because of extensive coiling.
 Small intestine in herbivores and carnivores
animals

In Herbivores animals

Herbivores eating grass need a longer small

intestine to allow the cellulose to be digested.

In Carnivores animal

Carnivores eat meat, so meat is easier to

digest, hence carnivores like tiger, lion etc.
have a shorter small intestine.
 Small
intestine

The small intestine is the site of the complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and
fats. Its receives the secretion of the liver and pancreas for this purpose. The food
coming from the stomach is acidic and has to be made alkaline for the for the
pancreatic enzymes to act.
It secret bile juice from the liver to digest fats. Fat are present in the intestine in the
large globules which makes it difficult for enzymes to act on them. bile juice break
them down into smaller globules increasing the efficiency of enzyme action.

Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contain enzyme like trypsin for digesting
proteins and lipase for breaking down emulsified fats. The walls of the small intestine
contain glands which secrete intestinal juice. The enzymes present in it finally convert
the proteins to amino acids. Complex carbohydrates into glucose and fats into fatty
acids and glycerol.
 Function Of Villi In Small
Intestine

Digested food is taken up by the walls of the

intestine. The inner lining of the small intestine has
numerous finger-like projection called villi which
increase the surface area for absorption. The villi
are richly supplied with blood vessels which take
the absorbed food to each and every cell of the
body, where it is utilise for obtaining energy,
building up new tissues and the repair of old
tissues.
 Function Of Large Intestine

The purpose of the large intestine is to absorb

water and salts from the material that has not been
digested as food. And get rid of any waste products
left over. By the time food mixed with digestive
juices reaches your large intestine, most digestion
and absorption has already taken place.
The rest of the material is removed from the body
via the anus. The exit of this waste material is
regulated by the anal sphincter.
THANK YOU