RESEARCH DESIGNS

CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

Exploratory research Descriptive research Explanatory research

Exploratory research
Conducted

when little is known about a

subject ex
Needs

of family members

Descriptive Research

studies that simply describe the occurrence of outcome and some of its important features; these do not involve the testing of specific hypothesis about the relationship of a factor and an outcome

Explanatory

Search for causal relationship Usually experimental

RESEARCH DESIGNS

TYPES of RESEARCH DESIGNS

Non-Experimental Experimental

Non- Experimental Designs

Observe sample subject, Research has Massive participation Describe & record Natural setting where pop exists

Non- Experimental Designs

Case studies Surveys Developmental Studies Assessment or Evaluation Studies Comparative Studies

Correlation Studies Tracer Studies Trends and Projection Studies Ex-Post Facto Documentary Analysis

Case Studies

Is a type of detailed and in-depth research involving few respondents, ranging from one to a small size of less than 10, over a considerable period of time Ex. A case study of autistic patients

Survey Research

A survey research is used to gather relatively limited data from relatively large number of cases Purpose: to gather information about the prevailing conditions or about the variables under study Ex. Stresses and Coping Strategies of Spinal Cord Injury Patients in the Spinal Ward

Types of Survey

Total population survey Sample survey Social survey School survey Public opinion survey Poll survey Market survey

Comparative survey Longitudinal survey Cross-sectional survey Job analysis survey Community survey Correlation survey

Developmental Studies

Is used when one desires reliable information about a group of people over a long period of time
Longitudinal

Method

Case

Cohort Case Control Cross Sectional Method

Case Control

an observational study in which diseased and non-diseased subjects are identified after the fact and then compared regarding specific characteristics (study factors) to determine possible association for the disease in question this is a very efficient study design for studying rare diseases Ex

a study comparing the nutrition knowledge of mothers whose child is undernourished and mothers whose child is normal weight

Case Cohort

an observational study in which a group of individuals free of the disease is followed up for a period of time for the occurrence of disease the experience of the cohort group, i.e., disease rates, are compared to an external group (e.g. total population); or within the cohort, exposed and nonexposed populations are identified and their disease rates are compared these studies allow calculation of incidence rates Ex

a study comparing rates of HIV infection among homosexual men in San Francisco who used condoms consistently and those who did not

Longitudinal Method
Studying
A study

the sample of participants over an extended period of time

on autistic children from 1 to 5 years

Cross-Sectional Studies

an observational study wherein subjects are selected or sampled; the status of each individual as to exposure and disease are determined at a single point in time cross-sectional studies determine who among the population possess a certain characteristic (exposure, disease, other characteristics) at the time of observation. this design allows calculation of the prevalence of certain characteristics Ex

-Behavioral Risk Factor Survey study of the prevalence of several risk factors and relating these to socio-demographic characteristics

Assessment or Evaluation Studies

Refers to the study on the efficiency or effectiveness of policies, instruments, or the variables that may be considered
Factors

Influencing the Compliance/Non-compliance of Mothers to the Maternal and Child Healthcare Program of the DOH

Comparative Studies

Comparing the result in the differences in certain characteristics according to variable considered
The

effectiveness of pineapple juice as an aid in lowering blood pressure

Correlational Research

Explores the relationship between two or more variables. (independent and dependent) One variable is X. The other variable is Y
Child

Malnutrition and Poverty Indices in the City of Malolos: Perspective in Developing Intervention Programmes

Tracer Studies

When one wants to follow up the development of certain conditions or particular sets of people
Employability

and productivity of PLM PT graduates from SY 2002-2007

Trends and Projection Studies

Used for projects that are forward looking Feasibility study

World

PT Demands Within Five Years Feasibility Study for the Offering of BSPT

Ex Post Facto Research

It deals with the variables in retrospect, with ex post facto meaning after the fact Dependent variable have given rise to a consequence
The

Effects of Having and Not Having Textbooks on College Algebra The Effects of Therapeutic Communication in the Quality of Life of Cancer Patient

Documentary Analysis

It involves the gathering of information by analyzing written records and documents to solve a problem Uses secondary data
The

Relationship of IQ and Academic Performance of PLM BSPT Students

Experimental Research Designs

Future-oriented (what will be?) The most prestigious and sophisticated method Cause and effect It is never hypothesis free Control group vs. experimental group

Concepts of Experimentation
An independent variable is manipulated; (manipulation) All other variables except the treatment variable are held constant (control) Assigning subjects for the control group and experimental group (randomization) >>> homogeneity The effect of the manipulation of the independent variable on the dependent variable is observed or measured.

Pre-Experimental Designs
Design No.1 The One-Shot Case Study

Where X = treatment O = posttest Example: when one wants to know the effectiveness of a certain seminar conducted to a certain audience

Design No.2 The One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design

O1
Where

O2

O1 = pretest X = treatment O2 = posttest

Example: The effectiveness of diet

and medicine in the treatment of diabetes

Design No.3 The Static-Group Comparison

O1 O2 X = treatment O1 = experimental posttest O2 = control posttest

Where

True Experimental Designs

Design No.4 The True Control Group Posttest Design
R R Where O1 O3 X O2 O4

Pretest

R = random assignment O1 = experimental pretest O3 = control pretest O2 = experimental posttest X = treatment

Design No.5 The Solomon Four-Group Design

R R R R

O1 O3

X X

O2 O4 O5 O6

Design No.6 The Posttest-Only Control Group Design

R R Where X O1 O2

R = random assignment X = treatment O1 = experimental posttest O2 = control pretest

Qualitative Research Designs

Phenomenological Studies Ethnographic Studies Grounded Theory Studies Historical Studies Case Studies Action Research Studies

Phenomenological Studies

Examine human experiences through the descriptions provided by the people involved
lived

experiences

Goal: to describe the meaning that experiences hold for each subject
This

is used to study areas in which there is little knowledge

Bracketing is the process in which researchers put aside their own feelings and beliefs

Ethnographic Studies

Involve the collection and analysis of data about cultural groups

Encountering

alien worlds and making sense of them

The systematic process of observing, detailing, describing, documenting, and analyzing the lifeways or patterns of a culture Purpose: development of cultural theories

Grounded Theory Studies

Studies in which data are collected and analyzed and then theory is developed that is grounded in the data.
An

excellent method for understanding the processes through which patients learn to manage new or chronic health problems
Constant

Diversity rather than similarity is sought

comparison

Is concerned more of generation rather than testing Literature is consulted at the end of the study

Historical Studies

Are concerned with the identification, location, evaluation, and synthesis of data from the past It seeks not only to discover the events of the past but to relate these past happenings to the present and the future Sources of data
Documents

(libraries, archives, or personal

collections) Relics and artifacts Oral reports

Case Studies

Are in-depth examinations of people or groups of people Particular disease A case study may be qualitative or quantitative The researcher must be interested in the meaning of experiences to the subjects themselves Time consuming and costly

Response of DM px to insulin tx

Content analysis is used in evaluating the data

Action Research

Seeks action to improve practice and study the effects of action that was taken

Immediate solution to the problem Ex. Participatory Action Research (PAR)

There is no goal of trying to generalize the findings of the study

Implementation of solutions occurs as part of the research process