ROTATION
PRESENTED BY: ENGR ARNOLD SILVESTRE C. SALCEDO AE,
PECE, MMENGMGT
ROTATION
I. Defining and Differentiating between key Rotational concepts such as
Angular Displacement, Angular Velocity, and Angular Acceleration.
II. Applying Rotational Kinematics Equations to describe the Motion of
Rotating Objects.
III. Understanding the relationship between linear and angular motion
Defining and Differentiating between key Rotational
concepts such as Angular Displacement, Angular
Velocity, and Angular Acceleration.
1.Angular Displacement
Definition:
Angular displacement is the angle through which an object
rotates about a specified axis in a given time interval. It is
measured in radians, degrees or revolutions.
Symbol:
Typically denoted as Δθ.
Characteristics:
It is a vector quantity, which means it has both magnitude
and direction.
The direction is usually indicated by the right-hand rule.
2. Angular Velocity.
Definition:
Angular velocity is the rate of change of angular
displacement with respect to time. It describes how
fast an object is rotating and in which direction.
Formula:
Given by ɯ = Δθ / Δt , where Δθ is the change in
angular displacement and Δt is the time interval.
Units: Measured in radians per second (rad/s), degrees
per second (®/s), or revolutions per minute (RPM).
Characteristics:
It is also a vector quantity. It has a direction that
follows the rotation of the object
(counterclockwise is typically positive).
3.Angular Acceleration
Definition:
Angular acceleration is the rate of change of the
angular velocity with respect to time. It indicates
quickly how angular velocity of an object is
changing.
Formula: Given by ἀ = Δɯ / Δt ,
where Δɯ is change in angular velocity and Δt is the
time interval.
Units: Measured in (rad/)
Characteristics:
It is a vector quantity, with direction indicating
whether the angular velocity is increasing or
decreasing.
4.Differentiation
Nature of quantity:
Angular displacement: measures the angle of rotation
(position).
Angular velocity: measures the speed of rotation (rate
of change of position).
Angular acceleration: measures the change of the
speed of rotation (rate of change of velocity).
Rotation:
Angular displacement leads to angular velocity when
you take the rate of change over time.
Angular velocity leads to angular acceleration when
you take the rate of change of velocity over time.
Example:
If a wheel rotates from 0® to 90®, that is an angular
displacement of 90®.
If it takes 2 seconds to do so, the angular velocity is 90
deg/2 seconds = 45 deg per second.
If the wheels speeds up, increasing its angular velocity
to 90 degrees/second. In the next 2 seconds,
the angular acceleration, ɯ =
= 22.5 ®/ .
Applying Rotational Kinematics Equations
to describe the Motion of Rotating Objects
Key Rotational Kinematics Equations
1.Angular Velocity and Angular acceleration:
:
Where: final angular velocity
is initial angular velocity
ἀ is the angular acceleration (rad/)
t is time (s)
2.Angular Displacement:
Θ= +
Where: is the initial angular velocity (rad/s)
Θ is the angular displacement in radians
t is time
is angular acceleration
3.Final Angular Velocity:
= + 2Θ
Where: is final angular velocity (rad/s)
is initial angular velocity (rad/s)
ἀ is the angular acceleration (rad/)
Θ is the angular displacement in radians
4. Average Angular Velocity
=
Application of Rotational Kinematics
Example: A disk initially at rest is subjected to a
constant angular acceleration of 2 rad/ We want to find
the angular displacement after 4 seconds and the final
angular velocity after that time.
Given:
Initial angular velocity = 0 rad/s from rest
Angular Acceleration ἀ = 2 rad/
Time, t = 4 s
Finding final angular velocity:
Using the first equation
: = 0 + (2rad/s)(4s) = 8 rad/s
Finding angular displacement:
Using the second equation
Θ = + = 0(4) + 2 rad/)( = 16 radians
Understanding the relationship between
linear and angular motion
Key Concepts
1. Angular Displacement and Linear Displacement:
Angular Displacement (Θ):
The angle through which an object has rotated about an axis,
measured in radians.
Linear Displacement (d):
The straight-line distance traveled by a point on the rotating object.
Relationship:
For an object rotating about a fixed axis
d=rΘ
where: r is the radius (distance from the axis of rotation to the point).
2. Angular Velocity and Linear Velocity:
Angular velocity ():
The rate of change of angular displacement, measured in rads/s.
Linear velocity (v):
The rate of change of linear displacement, measured in m/s.
Relationship:
The linear velocity of a point on the rotating object is related to
angular velocity by v = r
Angular Acceleration and Linear Acceleration
Angular acceleration ():
The rate of change of angular velocity, measured in radians per second
squared.
Linear acceleration (ɑ) :
The rate of change of linear velocity, measured in meters per second
squared.
Relationship:
The linear acceleration of a point on the rotating object is related to
the angular acceleration by ɑ=r
Applications and Implications
1.Rotational motion:
When an object rotates, points farther from the axis of
rotation have greater linear velocities and accelerations
compared to points closer to the axis. This is crucial in
understanding mechanisms like gears, wheels, and the
motion of planets.
2. Centripetal acceleration:
For an object moving in a circular path , the linear velocity (v) leads
to centripetal acceleration () given by
= =r
3. Energy considerations:
The rotational kinetic energy of an object is
analogous to its linear kinetic energy.
Linear kinetic energy, =
Rotational kinetic energy, = Ỉ
Where: Ỉ is the moment of inertia, analogous to mass
in linear motion.
Key Concepts
1. Torque (Ϯ) :
Torque is the rotational equivalent of force. It depends on
The magnitude of the force applied.
The distance from the axis of rotation (lever arm).
The angle at which the force is applied. Torque can be calculated as
Where: Ϯ = r x F x sin (θ)
r - is the distance from the pivot point to the point where the force is
applied.
F – magnitude of the applied force.
Θ – angle between the force vector and the lever arm.
2. Moment of Inertia (Ỉ ):
Moment of Inertia is a measure of an object’s
resistance to changes in its rotational motion. For
common shapes:
Solid cylinder or disk: Ỉ = ½ m
Solid Sphere: Ỉ = 2/5 m
Thin rod : Ỉ = 1/12 m
Analyzing Rotational Motion Using Newton’s Second
law for rotation
Example:
Consider a solid disk of mass m= 2kg and radius
r=0.5m that is initially at rest. A force F=10N is
applied tangentially at the edge of the disk. We want
to find the angular acceleration and the torque acting
on the disk.
1.Calculate the moment of Inertia:
For a solid disk
2.Calculate the Torque:
Since the force is applied tangentially
3.Apply Newton’s Second Law for Rotation
Using equation Σ Ϯ = Ỉ
Solving for = 20 rad/
Solving for Ϯ = 5N-m
Step 1 Calculate the Moment of Inertia
For a solid disk, the moment of inertia (Ỉ ) about its
central axis is given by the formula
Ỉ = ½ m = ½(2 kg) = 0.25 kg-
Step 2 Calculate the Torque
The torque generated by the tangential force can be
calculated using the formula
Ϯ = r x F = 0.5m(10 N) = 5 N-m
Step 3 Calculate the Angular acceleration
Using Newton’s second law for rotation
ΣϮ=Ỉ
=0.25 kg-(= 5N-m
THEN
In Summary, Rigid Object Under Constant Angular Acceleration
= + ἀt
= +t+ ἀ
= + 2 ἀ(- )
= + (+ )t
THE END
