www.mathspanda.
com
Further transformations in 2-D
Starte
(1 4)
2 4
1 The matrix transforms the unit square from OA BC to OA′B′C′. Find the matrix
which transforms the unit square to OC′B′ A′
(0 3)
3 0
2 The matrix causes an enlargement, scale factor 3 about the origin
(0 −1)
1 0
The matrix causes a re ection in the x− axis
Find the matrix that causes an enlargement, scale factor 3 followed by a re ection in the
x− axi
3 Find the matrix that causes a stretch in x− direction, scale factor 2.
Note
When a point (or points) are invariant under a transformation, it means that the points do not move
Stretche
(0 1)
k 0
Stretch, parallel to the x− axis, factor k y− axis is invarian
(0 k)
1 0
Stretch, parallel to the y− axis, factor k x− axis is invarian
Rotation
E.g. 1 By considering the unit square, deduce the matrix that gives
an anti-clockwise rotation of θ about the origin
1
θ
For rotations, if the direction is not given, the convention is that a positive angle means an anti-
clockwise direction.
Page 1 of 4






.
.
.
s
:
:
fl
.
fl
.
www.mathspanda.com
Shear
Shear, parallel to the x− axis (or in the x− direction)
Points on the x− axis are invariant i.e. they remain xe
Points not on the x− axis move parallel to the x− axi
i.e. their y− coordinate is unchanged
Distance moved = k × y− coordinate
where k is the scale factor
(b) ( b )
a a + kb
→
(1) ( ) ( 1 ) (1) ( ) (1)
1 1+k ×1 1+k 0 0+k ×1 k
B → = C → =
1 1
In the diagram above the scale factor, k, is 1.2
(1) ( ) (1) (1) ( ) (1)
1 1 + 1.2 × 1 2.2 0 0 + 1.2 × 1 1.2
B → = C → =
1 1
(2) ( ) (2)
0.5 0.5 + 2 × 1.2 2.9
Consider the point (0.5, 2) → =
2
Shear, parallel to the y− axis (or in the y− direction)
Points on the y− axis are invariant i.e. they remain xe
Points not on the y− axis move parallel to the y− axi
i.e. their x− coordinate is unchanged
Distance moved = k × x− coordinate where k is the scale factor
(b)
a
→(
b + k a)
a
(1) (1 + k × 1) (1 + k)
1 1 1
B → =
(0) (0 + k × 1) (k)
1 1 1
A → =
In the diagram above the scale factor, k, is 1.2
(1) (1 + 1.2 × 1) (2.2) (0) (0 + 1.2 × 1) (1.2)
1 1 1 1 1 1
B → = A → =
(0.8) (0.8 + 1.2 × 0.6) (1.52)
0.6 0.6 0.6
Consider the point (0.6, 0.8) → =
Page 2 of 4
:
:
: :
:
s
:
:
.
fi
fi
s
:
:
:
d
www.mathspanda.com
E.g. 2 By considering the unit square, deduce the matrix that causes a shear, factor 2, parallel to
(a the x− axis (b) the y− axis
Working: (a Parallel to the x− axis ⇒ y− coordinate is unchange
(0) (0)
1 1
(1, 0) is on the x− axis so is invariant i.e. →
(1) ( ) ( 1)
0 0+2×1 2
→ =
1
(0 1)
1 2
So the matrix is
Method of describing a shea
The rst way of describing shears is probably the most professional
Shear, x− axis invariant, mapping (0, 1) → (k, 1) ≡ Shear, in the x− direction, factor k
Shear, y− axis invariant, mapping (1, 0) → (1, k) ≡ Shear, in the y− direction, factor k
N.B. “in the x− direction” could be replaced by “parallel to the x− axis”
E.g. 3 A triangle undergoes a shear, y− axis invariant, mapping (1, 0) → (1, 7). The point (3, 5)
is a vertex of the triangle before the shear. Find the new coordinates of the vertex
General transformation
The matrix for a general transformation can also be found
(1) (3) (1) (2)
2 1 1 3
E.g. 4 Given that a 2 by 2 matrix M transforms → and → , nd M
(1) (3) (1) (2)
2 1 1 3
Working: M = and M =
(1 1) (3 2)
2 1 1 3
∴M =
(1 1) (3 2) (1 1) ( 1 1)
−1 −1
2 1 1 3 2 1 −2 5
Post-multiply by M= =
(2) ( 1 ) (−1) (−3)
3 12 1 −1
E.g. 5 Given that a 2 by 2 matrix M transforms → and → , nd M
Video Matrix rotations
Video Combination of matrix transformations
Video Determinants and matrix transformations
Solutions to Starter and E.g.s
Exercis
p82 3C Qu 1ac, 2ac, 3-
Page 3 of 4
fi
:
:
:
e
)
8
)
s
:
.
fi
d
fi
.
www.mathspanda.com
Summar
( sin θ cos θ )
cos θ −sin θ
Rotation, anti-clockwise about the origin (in the formula booklet
(0 1)
k 0
Stretch, parallel to the x− axis, factor k
(0 k)
1 0
Stretch, parallel to the y− axis, factor k
(0 1)
1 k
Shear, factor k, parallel to the x− axis (x− axis invariant) (0, 1) → (k, 1)
(k 1)
1 0
Shear, factor k, parallel to the y− axis (y− axis invariant) (1, 0) → (1, k)
Page 4 of 4
y
:
:
:
:
:
)
