Success Maths F5 VN2017 Final

Years in Malaysia
1957–2017
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MATHEMATICS
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Virtual Notes FORM 5
F
O CHAPTER 1 Number Bases
R
M
5 Number Bases
Base 2 Base 8 Base 5

Digits: 0, 1 Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
(a) Convert base 10 to base 2, 8 or 5 – use repeated division

e.g. Convert ‘9’ to base (i) 2, (ii) 8, (iii) 5.
Solution: (i) 2 9 (ii) 8 9 (iii) 5 9

2 4 R1 8 1 R1 5 1 R4
2 2 R0 0 R1 0 R1
2 1 R0
0 R1
∴ 910 = 10012 ∴ 910 = 118 ∴ 910 = 145
(b) Convert base 2, 8 or 5 to base 10 – write in expanded notation and simplify

e.g. Convert (i) 1102, (ii) 128, (iii) 1145 to base 10.
Solution: (i) 1102 = 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 0 × 20 = 4 + 2 + 0 = 610

(ii) 128 = 1 × 81 + 2 × 80 = 8 + 2 = 1010
(iii) 1145 = 1 × 52 + 1 × 51 + 4 × 50 = 25 + 5 + 4 = 3410
(c) Convert from base: 2 to 5 

5 to 2  Convert to base 10, then

8 to 5  use repeated division.
5 to 8 
2 © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2017

(d) Convert base 2 to 8 
 Use 4, 2, 1
Convert base 8 to 2 
e.g. (i) Convert 11110112 to base 8.

(ii) Convert 25708 to base 2.
Solution: (i) 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 (ii) 2 5 7 0

421 4 2 1 4 2 1 421 421 421 421
4+2+1 2 + 1 010 101 111 000
1 =7 =3
∴ 25708 = 101011110002
∴ 11110112 = 1738
(e) Addition
02 + 02 = 02
02 + 12 = 12 12 102
12 + 02 = 12 + 12 + 12
12 + 12 = 102 102 112
12 + 12 + 12 = 102 + 12 = 112
(f) Subtraction 1
0 10 10
02 – 02 = 02 1 0 02
12 – 02 = 12 – 12
12 – 12 = 02
1 12
102 – 12 = 12
© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2017 3

F
O CHAPTER 2 Graphs of Functions II
R
M
Graphs of functions
5
A Linear
1 y = ax + b
(a) When gradient is positive
x
O
a = gradient
b = y-intercept
(b) When gradient is negative
x
O

(c) When b = 0
y
y = ax
x
O
(d) When b is negative

y
y = ax + b, b < 0
x
O
2 When gradient varies

a3 > a2 > a1
y y=ax
3
y = a2x
y = a1x
x
O

F
O
R
M
5 B Quadratic
1 y = ax 2 + bx + c
(a) a = positive
y
x
O
Minimum
point
(b) a = negative
y
Maximum
point
x
O
2 When a3 > a2 > a1
y
y = a3x 2
y = a2x 2
y = a1x 2
x
O

C Cubic
1 y = ax 3 + c
(a)
y
x
O
a = positive
(b) y
x
O
a = negative
2 When a3 > a2 > a1

y y = a3x 3
y = a2x 3
y = a1x 3
x
O

F
O
R
M
5 D Reciprocal
a
1 y = — or ax–1
x
(a) a = positive
y
x
O
(b) a = negative
y
x
O
2 When a3 > a2 > a1

y
a3
y=—
x or a3x
–1
a2
y=—
x or a2x
–1
a1
y=—x or a1x
–1
O x

Regions that satisfy inequalities
1 (a)
y
y = ax + b
x
O
y ⩾ ax + b
(b)
y
y = ax + b
x
O
y ⩽ ax + b
(c) y
y = ax + b
x
O
Points on the line satisfy

the equation y = ax + b.

F
O
R
M
2 Line parallel to the x-axis
5
(a) (b)
y y
y⩾a a
a y<a
x x
O O
Solid line for ⩾ or ⩽
Dash line for > or <

3 Line parallel to the y-axis
(a) (b)
y y
x>a
x⩽a
x x
O a a
O
Solid line for ⩾ or ⩽
Dash line for > or <

F
O
R
M
4 Region defined by inequalities
5
e.g. x < 2, y ⩽ x, y ⩾ 0
y=x
y=0
x
O 2
x=2
Draw the lines: x = 2, y = x and y = 0
Draw this line as a This is the

dash line because the x-axis.
inequality is x < 2 and
not x ⩽ 2.
Note: Dash line means points on

the line are not included.

5 Solving equations using the graphical method
e.g. Graph drawn: y = 3x 3 – 4x + 12
y = 3x 3 – 4x + 12
y = –10x + 14
x1 x
O
Solve the equation 3x 3 + 6x – 2 = 0.

Find the suitable line to be drawn.
Original graph drawn y = 3x 3 – 4x + 12

– (0 = 3x 3 + 6x – 2)
Equation to be solved
y = –10x + 14
∴ Draw the line: y = –10x + 14

The solution is x = x1.

F
O CHAPTER 3 Transformations III
R
M
5
1 Translation
()
h
If Q´(x´, y´) is the image of a point Q(x, y) under a translation k , then
the coordinates of Q´ are given by Q´ = (x + h, y + k).
2 Reflection
• If Q´(x´, y´) is the image of a point Q(x, y) under a reflection in the

x-axis, then the coordinates of Q´ are given by Q´ = (x, –y).
• If S´(x´, y´) is the image of a point S(x, y) under a reflection in the

y-axis, then the coordinates of S´ are given by S´ = (–x, y).
3 Rotation
• If Q´(x´, y´) is the image of a point Q(x, y) under a clockwise rotation

of 90° about the origin, then the coordinates of Q´ are given by
Q´ = (y, –x).
• If S´(x´, y´) is the image of a point S(x, y) under an anticlockwise

rotation of 90° about the origin, then the coordinates of S´ are given by
S´ = (–y, x).
• If U´(x´, y´) is the image of a point U(x, y) under a rotation of 180°

about the origin, then the coordinates of U´ are given by U´ = (–x, –y).

4 Enlargement
If Q´(x´, y´) is the image of a point Q(x, y) under an enlargement with

a scale factor of k and the origin as the centre, then the coordinates
of Q´ are given by Q´ = (kx, ky).
5 For an enlargement with a scale factor of k:
Area of image = k 2 × Area of object
6 For two transformations, A and B:

(a) Combined transformation AB represents transformation B
followed by transformation A.
(b) Combined transformation BA represents transformation A

followed by transformation B.
(c) Combined transformation A2 = AA represents transformation

A which is carried out twice consecutively.

F
O CHAPTER 4 Matrices
R
M
5
Matrices
• a rectangular array of numbers enclosed in brackets
row 1
row 2
( 23 ) Order of matrix = Number of rows × Number of columns
=2×1
column 1
Equal matrices
• same order
• all corresponding elements are equal
( a
c
b
d ) (
=
a b
c d )
2×2 2×2
same order

Adding and subtracting matrices:
• matrices must have the same order
(1 3) – (2 1) = (1 – 2 3 – 1)
1×2 1 × 2 = (–1 2)
same order
Multiplying a matrix by a number:
m ( ) (
a
b
=
m×a
m×b )( )
=
ma
mb
Multiplying two matrices:

• number of columns of first matrix = number of rows of second matrix
• order of product = number of rows number of columns
of first matrix × of second matrix
second matrix
first matrix
(2 3)
4
–2 ( ) = ( 2 × 4 + 3 ×( – 2) )
= (2)
1×2 2×1 1×1

F
O
R
M
5
Identity matrix
I=
( ) (
1
0
0
1
,I=
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
)
2×2 3×3
IA = AI = A
Inverse matrix
A= ( ca db )
= –––––––– (
a )
Solving simultaneous linear equations: 1 d –b
A–1 ,
ad – bc –c
ax + by = p
where ad – bc ≠ 0
cx + dy = q
• no inverse when ad – bc = 0
( a b
c d )( ) ( )
x
y
=
p
q
• AA–1 = A–1A = I
Let A =( )a b
c d
Then
( xy ) = ( pq )
A
A A( ) = A ( )
–1 x p
–1
y q
I ( )= A ( )
x p
–1
y q
∴ ( )= A ( )
x p
–1
y q

CHAPTER 5 Variation
Direct variation
If y varies directly as x, then:

y∝x
y = kx, where k is a constant
y
∴ — is a constant
x
The graph of y against x is a straight line
graph which passes through the origin.
If y varies directly as x n, then:

1
y ∝ x n, where n = 2 or 3 or ––
2
y = kx n, where k is a constant
y
∴ ––– is a constant
xn
The graph of y against x n is a straight line
graph which passes through the origin.

F
O
R
M
5
Inverse variation
If y varies inversely as x, then:

1
y∝—
x
k
y = —, where k is a constant
x
∴ xy is a constant
1
The graph of y against –– is a straight
x
line graph which passes through the origin.
If y varies inversely as x n, then:

1 1
y ∝ –––n , where n = 2 or 3 or ––
x 2
k
y = –––, where k is a constant
xn
∴ x ny is a constant
1
The graph of y against –––n is a straight
x
line graph which passes through the origin.

Joint variation
A joint variation refers to the relation between three or more variables such that a
variable varies directly and/or varies indirectly as the other variables.
Two direct variations

If z varies directly as x n and y m,
Two inverse variations
then:
z ∝ x ny m If z varies inversely as x n and y m,
z = kx ny m, where k is a constant then:
1
z ∝ ––––––
x ny m
k
z = ––––––, where k is a constant
x ny m
One direct variation and one inverse variation
If z varies directly as x n and varies inversely as y m,

then:
xn
z ∝ –––
ym
kx n
z = ––––, where k is a constant
ym

F
O CHAPTER 6 Gradient and Area Under a Graph
R
M
5
Gradient of a graph
The gradient of a graph is the rate of change of the

quantity on the vertical axis with respect to the quantity
on the horizontal axis.
Area under a graph
The quantity represented by the area under a graph is the

product of the quantity represented by the vertical axis
and the quantity represented by the horizontal axis.

Distance-time graph Speed-time graph
Distance (m) Speed (m s–1)
Time (s)
O O Time (s)
The gradient of a distance-time The gradient of a speed-time

graph is the rate of change of the graph is the rate of change of the
distance with respect to time, i.e. speed with respect to time, i.e.
speed. acceleration.
Speed-time graph
Speed (m s–1)
Time (s)
O
The area under a speed-time

graph is the product of speed
and time, i.e. distance.

F
O
R
M
5
Distance-time graph
Gradient Indication
Positive Particle travels from a

point (A) to another
point (B).
Zero Particle is stationary.
Negative Particle travels from

point B back to point A
(return journey).
Solving problems
involving the gradient
of a graph and the
area under a graph
Speed-time graph
Gradient Indication
Average speed Positive Particle is accelerating.
Total distance travelled Zero Particle is travelling at a

= –––––––––––––––––––––––– uniform speed.
Total time taken
Negative Particle is decelerating.

CHAPTER 7 Probability II
1 For a sample space, S, which consists of equally likely outcomes,

the probability of an event A, P(A), is given by
Number of outcomes of event A

P(A) = –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Number of outcomes of sample space S
n(A)
P(A) = –––––
n(S)
where 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1.
2 If P(A) = 0, then the event A will certainly not occur.
3 If P(A) = 1, then the event A is certain to occur.
4 If A is an event in a sample space S and A´ is the complement of the

event A, then
P(A´) = 1 – P(A) S
A'

F
O
R
M
5
5 If A ∩ B ≠ φ, then S
A B
P(A ∪ B)
= P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
6 If A ∩ B = φ, then
S
A B
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B)
7 If A and B are two events, the probability of the combined event of

A and B is given by:
P(A and B) = P(A ∩ B)

= P(A) × P(B)

CHAPTER 8 Bearing
Eight main compass directions
North
Northwest Northeast
45° 45°
West East
45° 45°
Southwest Southeast
South
Bearing is an angle (in the form of three digits from 000° to 360°) measured in the
clockwise direction from the line due north (bearing 000°) to the line pointing to
the required place.
North
Direction Bearing Direction Bearing North
North 000° Northeast 045°

East 090° Southeast 135° B 250°
70°
South 180° Southwest 225°
West 270° Northwest 315° A
The bearing of B from A is 070°.
The bearing of A from B is 250°.

F
O CHAPTER 9 Earth as a Sphere
R
M
5
1 The meridian which passes through the Greenwich town in England is
known as the Greenwich Meridian. Its longitude is 0°.
2 The difference between two longitudes can be determined by:

(a) subtracting the angles of longitudes if both the longitudes are due
west (or due east) of the Greenwich Meridian,
(b) adding the angles of longitudes if one of the longitudes is due east of
the Greenwich Meridian and the other longitude is due west of the
Greenwich Meridian.
3 The Equator is the great circle whose plane is perpendicular to the axis of
rotation of the earth. Its latitude is 0°.
4 The difference between two latitudes can be determined by:

(a) subtracting the angles of latitudes if both the parallels of latitudes are
due north (or due south) of the Equator,
(b) adding the angles of latitudes if one of the parallels of latitudes is due
north of the Equator and the other parallel of latitude is due south of
the Equator.
5 The location of place P, at latitude x°N and longitude y°E, is written as

P(x°N, y°E).
6 One nautical mile (n.m.) is defined as the length of arc of a great circle
which subtends an angle of 1 minute at the centre of the earth.

7 Distance along a meridian 9 Distance along a parallel of
latitude
N A
N
C °N
θ° B
A θ°
O °
O
B
S
S
• Difference in latitude between
point A and point B = θ ° • Difference in longitude between
• Distance of AB = point A and point B = θ °
(θ × 60) nautical miles • Distance of AB =
(θ × 60 × cos °) nautical miles
8 Distance along the Equator
N 10 The shortest distance between

two points on the surface of the
earth is the distance measured
along a great circle.
O
0°
θ°
A B
11 Distance (n.m.) =
S Time taken (hours) × Speed (knots)
• Difference in longitude between

point A and point B = θ °
• Distance of AB =
(θ × 60) nautical miles

F
O CHAPTER 10 Plans and Elevations
R
M
5
Elevation from X
Orthogonal projection
on a vertical plane as
viewed from X.
Elevation from Y
on a vertical plane as
viewed from Y.
F E
G H
4 cm
3 cm
A
2
cm
2 cm C
Y B
X
Plan
on a horizontal plane
as viewed from the top.

Plan Elevation from Y
Orthogonal projection on a Orthogonal projection on a
horizontal plane as viewed from vertical plane as viewed from Y.
the top.
F 2 cm G
F/A 2 cm E/D 1 cm
E H
2 cm
3 cm
G/B H/C
A/D B/C
Elevation from X
Orthogonal projection on a
vertical plane as viewed from X.
G/F
H/E
4 cm
3 cm
2 cm
B/A C/D

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2017
First published 2018
ISBN 978 983 47 2300 2
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T)
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Years in Malaysia

Base 2 Base 8 Base 5

(a) Convert base 10 to base 2, 8 or 5 – use repeated division

Solution: (i) 2 9 (ii) 8 9 (iii) 5 9

(b) Convert base 2, 8 or 5 to base 10 – write in expanded notation and simplify

Solution: (i) 1102 = 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 0 × 20 = 4 + 2 + 0 = 610

(c) Convert from base: 2 to 5 

2 © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2017

e.g. (i) Convert 11110112 to base 8.

Solution: (i) 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 (ii) 2 5 7 0

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2017 3

(b) When gradient is negative

4 © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2017

(d) When b is negative

2 When gradient varies

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2017 5

2 When a3 > a2 > a1

6 © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2017

2 When a3 > a2 > a1

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2017 7

2 When a3 > a2 > a1

8 © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2017

Points on the line satisfy

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2017 9

Solid line for ⩾ or ⩽

Dash line for > or <

10 © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2017

Solid line for ⩾ or ⩽

Dash line for > or <

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2017 11

Draw the lines: x = 2, y = x and y = 0

Draw this line as a This is the

Note: Dash line means points on

12 © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2017

e.g. Graph drawn: y = 3x 3 – 4x + 12

Solve the equation 3x 3 + 6x – 2 = 0.

Original graph drawn y = 3x 3 – 4x + 12

∴ Draw the line: y = –10x + 14

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2017 13

• If Q´(x´, y´) is the image of a point Q(x, y) under a reflection in the

• If S´(x´, y´) is the image of a point S(x, y) under a reflection in the

• If Q´(x´, y´) is the image of a point Q(x, y) under a clockwise rotation

• If S´(x´, y´) is the image of a point S(x, y) under an anticlockwise

• If U´(x´, y´) is the image of a point U(x, y) under a rotation of 180°

14 © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2017

If Q´(x´, y´) is the image of a point Q(x, y) under an enlargement with

5 For an enlargement with a scale factor of k:

Area of image = k 2 × Area of object

6 For two transformations, A and B:

(b) Combined transformation BA represents transformation A

(c) Combined transformation A2 = AA represents transformation

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2017 15

16 © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2017

Multiplying a matrix by a number:

Multiplying two matrices:

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2017 17

18 © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2017

If y varies directly as x, then:

If y varies directly as x n, then:

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2017 19

If y varies inversely as x, then:

If y varies inversely as x n, then:

20 © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2017