01-Owa200002 Wcdma Ran Fudamental

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Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
WCDMA RAN
Fundamental
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page1
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Know the development of 3G
Outline the advantage of CDMA principle
Characterize code sequence
Outline the fundamentals of RAN
Describe feature of wireless propagation
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
3. WCDMA Fundamental

Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle

Different Service, Different Technology
AMPS
TACS
NMT
Others
1G 1980s
Analog
GSM
CDMA
IS-95
TDMA
IS-136
PDC
2G 1990s
Digital
Technologies
drive
3G
IMT-2000
UMTS
WCDMA
cdma
2000
Demands
drive
TD-
SCDMA
3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers
3G Evolution
Proposal of 3G
IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile
communication system
The third generation mobile communication was first proposed
in 1985and was renamed as IMT-2000 in the year of 1996
Commercialization: around the year of 2000
Work band : around 2000MHz
The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps
3G Spectrum Allocation
Bands WCDMA Used
Main bands
1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz
Supplementary bands: different country maybe different
1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA)
1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan)
890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia)
Frequency channel numbercentral frequency5, for main
band:
UL frequency channel number 96129888
DL frequency channel number : 1056210838
3G Application Service
Time Delay
BER
background
conversational
streaming
interactive
The Core technology of 3G: CDMA
CDMA
WCDMA
CN: based on MAP and GPRS
RTT: WCDMA - FDD/TDD
TD-SCDMA
CN: based on MAP
RTT: TD-SCDMA

cdma2000
CN: based on ANSI 41 and MIP
RTT: cdma2000
WCDMA Protocol Version Evolution
3GPP Rel99
3GPP Rel4
3GPP Rel5
2000
2001 2002
GSM/GPRS CN
WCDMA RTT
IMS
HSDPA
3GPP Rel6
MBMS
HSUPA
2005
CS domain change to
NGN
WCDMA RTT
WCDMA System Architecture
RNS
RNC
RNS
RNC
Core Network
Node B
Node B
Node B Node B
Iu-CS Iu-PS
Iur
Iub
Iub
Iub Iub
CN
UTRAN
UE
Uu
CS PS
Protocol Mode for UTRAN Terrestrial Interface
The structure is based on the principle that the layers and planes
are logically independent of each other.

Application
Protocol
Data
Stream(s)
ALCAP(s)
Transport
Network
Layer
Physical Layer
Signalling
Bearer(s)
Control Plane User Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport Network
Control Plane
Radio
Network
Layer
Signalling
Bearer(s)
Data
Bearer(s)
Transport Network
User Plane
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle

Multiple Access and Duplex Technology
Multiple Access Technology
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Code division multiple access (CDMA)

Multiple Access Technology
power
FDMA
power
TDMA
power
CDMA
Multiple Access and Duplex
Technology
Duplex Technology
Frequency division duplex (FDD)
Time division duplex (TDD)

Duplex Technology
Time
Frequency
Power
TDD
USER 2
USER 1
DL
UL
DL
DL
UL
FDD
Time
Frequency
Power
UL DL
USER 2
USER 1
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
Source
Coding
Channel
Coding
Spreading Modulation
Source
Decoding
Channel
Decoding
Despreading Demodulation
Transmission
Reception
chip
modulated
signal
bit symbol
Service
Signal
Radio
Channel
Service
Signal
Transmitter
Receiver
Process Gain
Process Gain

Process gain differs for each service.
If the service bit rate is greater, the process gain is smaller, UE
needs more power for this service, then the coverage of this
service will be smaller, vice versa.
)
rate bit
rate chip
log( 10 Gain ocess Pr =
WCDMA Source Coding
AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) Speech
A integrated speech codec with 8 source
rates.
The AMR bit rates can be controlled by the
RAN depending on the system load and
quality of the speech connections.

Video Phone Service
H.324 is used for VP Service in CS domain.
Includes: video codec, speech codec, data
protocols, multiplexing and etc.
CODEC Bit Rate (kbps)
AMR_12.20 12.2 (GSM EFR)
AMR_10.20 10.2
AMR_7.95 7.95
AMR_7.40 7.4 (CDMA EFR)
AMR_6.70 6.7 (PDC EFR)
AMR_5.90 5.9
AMR_5.15 5.15
AMR_4.75 4.75
WCDMA Channel Coding
Effect
Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when
interference occurs
Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of the delay
Types
No Coding
Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3)
Turbo Coding (1/3)
Code Block
of N Bits
No Coding
1/2 Convolutional
Coding
1/3 Convolutional
Coding
1/3 Turbo Coding
Uncoded N bits
Coded 2N+16 bits
Coded 3N+24 bits
Coded 3N+12 bits
WCDMA Interleaving
Effect
Interleaving is used to reduce the probability of consecutive bits error
Longer interleaving periods have better data protection with more delay
(
(
(
(
(
(
1 1 1 0
1 ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 . . . 1 0 1 1 1
(
(
(
(
(
(
1 1 1 0
1 ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
Inter-column
permutation
Output bits
Input bits
Interleaving periods:
10, 20, 40, or 80 ms
Correlation
Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary signals.
Identical and Orthogonal signals:
Correlation = 0
Orthogonal signals
-1 1 -1 1

-1 1 -1 1

1 1 1 1
+1

-1
+1

-1
+1

-1
+1

-1
Correlation = 1
Identical signals
-1 1 -1 1

1 1 1 1

-1 1 -1 1
C1
C2
+1
+1
C1
C2
Orthogonal Code Usage - Coding
UE1: 1 1

UE2: 1 1

C
1
: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
C
2
: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
UE1c1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
UE2c2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

UE1c1 UE2c2 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0
Orthogonal Code Usage - Decoding
UE1C
1
UE2C
2
: 2 0 2 0 2 0 2
0

UE1 Dispreading by c1: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Dispreading result: 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0
Integral judgment: 4 (means1) 4 (means1)

UE2 Dispreading by c2: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Dispreading result: 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0
Integral judgment: 4 (means1) 4 (means1)
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
Spreading code
Spreading code
Signal
Combination
Narrowband signal
f
P(f)
Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Noise & Other Signal
P(f)
f
Noise+Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Recovered signal
P(f)
f
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
Max allowed interference
Eb/No
Requiremen
t
Power

Max interference caused
by UE
Processing Gain
Ebit
Interference from
other UE
Echip
Eb / No = Ec / Io PG
Spreading Technology
Spreading consists of 2 steps
Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into chips
Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal
Data bit
OVSF
code
Scrambling
code
Chips after
spreading
WCDMA Channelization Code
OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) is used as
channelization code
SF = 8 SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
C
ch,1,0
= (1)
C
ch,2,0
= (1,1)
C
ch,2,1
= (1, -1)
C
ch,4,0
= (1,1,1,1)
C
ch,4,1
= (1,1,-1,-1)
C
ch,4,2
= (1,-1,1,-1)
C
ch,4,3
= (1,-1,-1,1)
C
ch,8,0
= (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)
C
ch,8,1
= (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1)
C
ch,8,2
= (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1)
C
ch,8,3
= (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1)
C
ch,8,4
= (1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1)
C
ch,8,5
= (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1)
C
ch,8,6
= (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1)
C
ch,8,7
= (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)

WCDMA Channelization Code
SF = chip rate / symbol rate
High data rates low SF code
Low data rates high SF code
Radio bearer SF Radio bearer SF
Speech 4.75 UL 128 Speech 4.75 DL 256
Speech 12.2 UL 64 Speech 12.2 DL 128
Data 64 kbps UL 16 Data 64 kbps DL 32
Purpose of Channelization Code
Channelization code is used to distinguish different physical
channels of one transmitter
For downlink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to
separate different physical channels of one cell
For uplink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to
separate different physical channels of one UE

Purpose of Scrambling Code
Scrambling code is used to distinguish different transmitters
For downlink, Scrambling code is used to separate different
cells
For uplink, scrambling code is used to separate different UE

Scrambling Code
Scrambling code: GOLD sequence.
In UMTS, Gold codes were chosen for their very low peak cross-
correlation.
There are 2
24
long uplink scrambling codes which are used for
scrambling of the uplink DPCCH/DPDCH. Uplink scrambling
codes are assigned by higher layers.
For downlink physical channels, 8192 scrambling codes are used.

Downlink Scrambling Code
A primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes are
included in a set.
Scrambling
codes for
downlink
physical
channels
Set 0
Set 1

Set 511
Primary
scrambling code 0

Secondary
scrambling code 1
Secondary
scrambling code 15
Primary
scrambling code
511*16

Secondary
scrambling code
511*16+15
8192
scrambling
codes
512 sets

Primary Scrambling Code Group
Primary
scrambling
codes for
downlink
physical
channels
Group 0

Primary
scrambling code 0

Primary
scrambling code
8*63

Primary
scrambling code
8*63 +7
512 primary
scrambling
codes

Group 1
Group 63
Primary
scrambling code 1
Primary
scrambling code 8
64 primary
scrambling code
groups
Each group consists of 8
primary scrambling codes
Code Multiplexing
Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level
Scrambling code
Channelization code 1
User 1 signal
User 2 signal
User 3 signal
NodeB
Code Multiplexing
Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level
NodeB
Scrambling code 3
User 3 signal
Channelization code
Scrambling code 2
User 2 signal
Channelization code
Scrambling code 1
User 1 signal
Channelization code
Modulation Overview
1 0 0 1
time
Basic steady radio
wave:
carrier = A.cos(2tFt+|)
Amplitude Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2tFt+|)
Frequency Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2tFt+|)
Phase Shift Keying:
A.cos(2tFt+|)
Data to be transmitted:
Digital Input
Modulation Overview
Digital Modulation - BPSK
1
t
1 1 0
1
t
-1
NRZ coding
f
o

BPSK
Modulated
BPSK
signal
Carrier
Information
signal
|=0 |=t |=0
1 10 2 3 4 9 8 7 5 6
1 10 2 3 4 9 8 7 5 6
Digital Input
High Frequency
Carrier
BPSK Waveform
Modulation Overview
Digital Modulation - QPSK
-1 -1
1 10 2 3 4 9 8 7 5 6
1 10 2 3 4 9 8 7 5 6
NRZ Input
I di-Bit Stream
Q di-Bit Stream
I
Component
Q
Component
QPSK Waveform
1
1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
Modulation Overview
NRZ
coding
90
o

NRZ
coding
QPSK
Q(t)
I(t)
f
o

A
A Acos(e
o
t)
Acos(e
o
t

+ t/2)

|
1 1 t/4
1 -1 7t/4
-1 1 3t/4
-1 -1 5t/4
) cos( 2 : | e + o A QPSK
Demodulation
QPSK Constellation Diagram
1 10 2 3 4 9 8 7 5 6
QPSK Waveform
1,1
-1,-1
-1,1
1,-1
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1
-1,1
NRZ Output
WCDMA Modulation
Different modulation methods corresponding to different
transmitting abilities in air interface

HSDPA: adopt 16QAM R99/R4: adopt QPSK
Wireless Propagation
Received
Signal
Transmitted
Signal
Transmission Loss:
Path Loss + Multi-path Fading
Time
Amplitude
Propagation of Radio Signal
Signal at Transmitter
Signal at Receiver
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
d
B

0
0
d
B
m

-20
-15
-10
-5
5
10
15
20
Fading
Fading Categories
Fading Categories
Slow Fading
Fast Fading
Diversity Technique
Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated signals for
combining
Reduce the effects of fading
Fast fading caused by multi-path
Slow fading caused by shadowing
Improve the reliability of communication
Increase the coverage and capacity
Diversity
Time diversity
Channel coding, Block interleaving
Frequency diversity
The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth frequency spectrum
Space diversity
Receive space diversity
Transmit space diversity
Polarization diversity
Vertical polarization
Horizontal polarization
Principle of RAKE Receiver
Receive set
Correlator 1
Correlator 2
Correlator 3
Searcher correlator
Calculate the
time delay and
signal strength

Combiner
The
combined
signal
t
t
s(t) s(t)
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system
Summary
In this course, we have discussed basic concepts of WCDMA:
Spreading / Despreading principle
UTRAN Voice Coding
UTRAN Channel Coding
UTRAN Spreading Code
UTRAN Scrambling Code
UTRAN Modulation
UTRAN Transmission/Receiving
Thank you
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