Evaluation Criteria

Internal 50
 Quiz (2*5=10)
 Assignment (weekly topic notes) (15)
 Presentation (15)
 Class participation (10)

Final 50
 3 Questions (3*15=45)
 5 Blanks
 IDEOLOGY
AND
CONSTITUTION
OF PAKISTAN
QASMS
BSPA II
Lecture: 1

Date: 26 feb,2025
Topic:
British Colonialization of India
 The British colonization of India, also known as the
"British Raj," began in the mid-18th century when
the British East India Company established trading
posts and gradually gained political control over
large parts of the Indian subcontinent, primarily
through military conquest, eventually leading to
direct rule by the British Crown after the Indian
Rebellion of 1857, lasting until India gained
independence in 1947; this period of direct rule is
referred to as the "British Raj”.
 BACKGROUND:
 Siraj-ud-Daulah was the Nawab of Bengal during the Battle of Plassey on June 23,
1757. He was the last independent Nawab of Bengal.

Explanation
 The Battle of Plassey was fought between the British East India Company and the
forces of Siraj-ud-Daulah.
 The battle took place at Palasi, on the banks of the Hooghly River, in West Bengal.
 The British victory at Plassey led to the British becoming the most powerful
economic and military force in India.
 The battle is often considered to be the beginning of British rule in India.
 Siraj-ud-Daulah had ordered the English to stop building fortifications.
 The British had an alliance with the Nawabs and princes in exchange for security
against attacks.
 The alliance was disrupted when Siraj-ud-Daulah started seizing the fort of Calcutta
and imprisoning British officials.
 Robert Clive bribed Mir Jafar, the commander-in-chief of the Nawab's army, to
defeat to the British.
Key points
•Britain significantly increased its control over India starting in
1757, following the Battle of Plassey, where the British East
India Company defeated the Nawab of Bengal.
•From onwards, the British government directly ruled India,
and it became known as the British Raj.
•The British Raj had a significant impact on people living in
India.
• Many Indians suffered from extreme poverty and famines
during British rule.
•The British government and British individuals gained a lot of
wealth from trade with India which they used in part to fund the
Industrial Revolution.
 Mughal Empire

 The Mughal Empire was a Muslim dynasty that ruled parts of India
and Afghanistan from the 16th to the 18th century. The Mughals were
descendants of Genghis Khan and Timur.
Key events :
 1526: Babur defeated the Lodi Sultan at the Battle of Panipat and
established the Mughal Empire
 1556–1605: Akbar the Great ruled and promoted religious tolerance
 1628–1658: Shah Jahan ruled and built the Taj Mahal
 1658–1707: Aurangzeb ruled and expanded the empire to its
greatest extent
 1785: The last Mughal-controlled areas fell
Notable achievements
 The Mughals were patrons of art and built many famous monuments,
including the Taj Mahal, the palaces of Delhi, Agra, and Lahore
 The Mughals introduced the Hindi and Urdu languages, which
combined Persian, Turkish, and local Hindus
 The Mughals created a uniform architectural style with large domes,
minarets, halls, and gateways

Other features
 The Mughals intermarried with Hindu royalty
 The Mughals established strong alliances with the diverse peoples of
the subcontinent
 The Mughals created a new order called the Dīn-e Ilāhī, which was
modeled on the Muslim Sufi brotherhood
Mughal Emperor cont’d :
 Babur was the first Mughal emperor, establishing the Mughal Empire in 1526.
He was a descendant of Genghis Khan and Timur, and was a military leader,
and poet.

Early life:
 Born Zahir al-Din Muhammad in 1483 in Fergana, which is now in Uzbekistan
 Ruled the small principality of Fergana
 Tried to regain Samarkand, the former capital of Timur's empire

Military career:
 Conquered Kabul in 1504
 Defeated the Sultanate of Delhi at the Battle of Panipat in 1526
 Defeated Rana Sanga, who led an army of Indian kingdoms in 1527
Humayun
 Humayun (1508-1556) was the second Mughal emperor of India. He ruled
over parts of present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India. His reign was
marked by internal conflicts and invasions.
Early life:
 Born in Kabul, Afghanistan on March 6, 1508
 Son of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire
 Became king of India in 1530 at the age of 22

Reign:
 Ruled from 1530 to 1540 and again from 1555 until his death in 1556
 Lost the Mughal Empire to the Suri dynasty, but regained it with Persian
aid
 Known for his contributions to Mughal architecture, including the
introduction of high arches and double domes
Cont’d :
Challenges:
 Internal family conflicts
 External threats from rival rulers, including Sher Shah Suri
 Frequent losses
 Split up the empire among his brothers
Legacy:
 His return to power marked the restoration of the Mughal Empire
 His son Akbar later flourished as emperor
 His tomb is located in Delhi, and can be reached by air, train, or road
Akbar
 Akbar the Great (1542–1605) was the third Mughal emperor of India. He is
considered one of the greatest Mughal rulers because of his military, political,
and cultural achievements.
Early life:
 Born in Umarkot, which is now in Sindh province, Pakistan
 Succeeded his father, Humayun, in 1556 at the age of 13

Reign:
 Expanded the Mughal Empire to cover most of the Indian subcontinent
 Instituted a centralized administration
 Pursued a diplomatic and alliance-focused marriage policy
 Mughal diplomacy in South Asia was characterized by a sophisticated blend of
military might, strategic marriages, and intricate alliances. This approach
ensured the stability of the empire and fostered peaceful relationships with
neighbouring kingdoms.
 Adopted policies that included non-Muslim people in his realm
Achievements:
 Built Fatehpur Sikri in honor of the Sufi saint Sheikh Salim Chisti
 Patronaged art, literature, and architecture, which led to the
development of a distinctive Mughal style

Legacy:
 His son Jahāngīr continued his father's administrative system and his
tolerant policy toward Hinduism
 The official chronicle of his reign, the Akbarnama, was written by
Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, Akbar's court historian and biographer
 Deen-e-Ilahi, also known as Tawḥīd-i-Ilāhī or Divine Faith, was a
short-lived religion created by Mughal emperor Akbar in 1582. The
religion was an attempt to combine aspects of different faiths to
promote unity and tolerance between religious communities.

How it was created?

 Akbar was inspired by the spiritual teachings of many religions.
 He handpicked members of the religion based on their devotion to
him.
 The religion was based on the Timurid concept of Yasa-e Changezi,
which considers all sects as one.
Jahangir

 Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim (31 August 1569 – 28 October 1627),

known by his imperial name Jahangir was Emperor of Hindustan
from 1605 until his death in 1627 ...
 Jahangir was famous for his "Chain of Justice". In contemporary
paintings, it has been shown as a golden chain with golden bells. In
his memoir Tuzk-e-Jahangiri, he wrote that he ordered the creation of
this chain for his subjects to appeal to the emperor if they were
denied justice at any level.
 The first important printed version of Jahangirnama was by Sayyid
Ahmad, printed at Ghazipur in 1863 and at Aligarh in 1864. Jahangir's
autobiography reflects his views on various political, religious and
social issues.
Shah Jahan

 Shah Jahan (1592-1666) was the fifth Mughal emperor of India. He

was born Mirza Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram in Lahore,
Pakistan. His reign from 1628 to 1658 was marked by military
successes, architectural achievements, and the construction of the Taj
Mahal.
Early life:
 Born in Lahore on January 5, 1592
 Third son of Mughal emperor Jahangir and Rajput princess Manmati
 Married Arjūmand Bānū Begum in 1612
 Rebelled in 1622 to win the succession
 Reconciled with Jahangir in 1625
Reign:
 Proclaimed himself emperor in Agra in February 1628
 Known for military successes against states in southern India
 Temporarily extended Mughal power in the northwest
 Built the Taj Mahal as a mausoleum for his wife, Arjumand Banu
Begum
 Built Shahjahanabad, a new city in Delhi

Legacy:
 His reign marked the zenith (the time at which something is most
powerful or successful ) of Mughal architectural and cultural
achievements
 The Taj Mahal is considered one of the seven wonders of the world
Aurangzeb
 Aurangzeb (1618-1707) was the sixth Mughal emperor and
ruled the Indian subcontinent from 1658 until his death. He
was a devout Muslim who is considered to be one of the most
accomplished military leaders in history.
Early life:
 Born Muhi al-Din Muhammad in Dhod, Malwa, India
 Third son of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal
 Held administrative and military posts under his father
 Served as viceroy of the Deccan in 1636–1637 and the
governor of Gujarat in 1645–1647
Reign:
 The Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent under his rule
 He established Sharia law and Islamic economics throughout the
Indian subcontinent
 He compiled the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri, which served as the Islamic law
of India for several centuries
Legacy:
 His policies helped lead to the dissolution of the Mughal Empire
 He is considered to be one of the most controversial figures in history
Other facts:
 He reintroduced the jizyah tax on non-Muslim subjects
 He banned the consumption of alcohol and singing in court
 He patronized works of Arabic calligraphy
 He built numerous mosques
Bahadur Shah Zafar:

 Title: The last Mughal Emperor

 Reign: Ascended the throne in 1837 after his father, Akbar Shah II
 Role in 1857 Rebellion: Though not a military leader, he was
symbolically proclaimed the head of the rebellion against the British
East India Company
 Exile: After the rebellion's defeat, he was captured and exiled to
Rangoon, Burma where he died
 Literary Accomplishments: A renowned poet writing under the pen
name "Zafar," known for his Urdu poetry often reflecting the sorrow of
a declining empire
 Conclusion :
The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Empire

 Founded by Zahiruddin Babur in 1526 and expanded to its full

glory by Emperor Akbar in the second half of the sixteenth century,
the Mughal Emperor began to decline rapidly after the death of its
last great ruler Aurangzeb in the year 1707. Afterwards, a number of
weak rulers ascended the Mughal Emperor throne but these rulers
were not as capable as their predecessors. Their incapable
leadership coupled growing socio-economic and geo-political
scenarios like rise of regional states led to their ultimate downfall
in 1857.
 The period of later Mughal Emperor rulers from 1707 to
1857 represents a chapter of decline and disintegration for the once-
proud Mughal Empire.

 While elements of cultural and artistic brilliance persisted, they were

overshadowed by a combination of internal strife, external
pressures, and administrative decay.

 This period ultimately paved the way for a new phase in India’s
history, as the British colonial era took hold, forever changing the
course of the subcontinent’s development.
Everyone is aware about the Mughal History and its rulers.
The Mughal period was very significant in India as it saw many
Mughal emperors of diverse personalities; some were orthodox
while others were open-minded. The history of Mughal Empire
is vast and very interesting. It was founded by Babur, a central
Asian ruler. However, when it came to consolidating neither
Babur nor his son Humayan were able to do justice to the
Mughal Empire. The Mughal Empire would have almost lost its
sheen but it was solely because of a mighty ruler like Akbar, the
Mughal Empire history took shape.
 The Mughal Empire was flourishing limitlessly under
the rule of Akbar and history was in the making.
After Akbar’s death, his son Jahangir came to
power, his traits varied from Akbar as he was more
popular for his love of art. Jahangir’s wife Nur Jahan
took center-stage after he didn’t take any interest in
the matters of the court. Coins have been issued
under her name during his reign. However, just like
his father, Jahangir too was an open-minded
emperor. Shah Jahan who was Jahangir’s successor
was not liberal in nature and had his limits. But
under his rule, India became richest center in arts,
crafts and architecture.
How the Mughal Empire declined ?
 The Mughal Empire began to break up in the 18th century due to dynastic
warfare, rivalries, and attacks by warlords and invaders.
 The Marathas overran most of northern India after the death of Muḥammad
Shah in 1748.
 The Marathas controlled the area around Delhi until the British took over in
1803.
How the British East India Company took over ?
 The British East India Company expanded its influence in India through the
Anglo-Mysore Wars, Anglo-Maratha Wars, and Anglo-Sikh Wars.
 The company deposed the imperial family and abolished the empire during the
Indian Rebellion of 1857.
How the British Raj began ?
 The Government of India Act 1858 gave the Crown administration of the EIC's
territories in India.
 The EIC's former territories became known as the British Raj.
THANK
YOU !