Use of wireless technology today
multimedia teleconferencing, games, WWW browsing, messaging, etc.
Wireless communications are evolving from circuit switched to packet switched infrastructures
a paradigm shift is emerging known as Cross-layer design (CLD).
Protocol design can be approached in two ways:
by following the rules of traditional layered architecture, or by violating the reference architecture.
Thus, protocol design by the violation of
Wireless research community has been divided into different groups
idea behind CLD is to combine the resources available in the different communities and create a network which can be highly adoptive and QoSefficient
There are two approaches to CLD:
evolutionary and revolutionary approaches. evolutionary approach: extension (upgradation) to existing layered structure to maintain compatibility
simple yet effective, bound to original strict
layered structure, limited extension
revolutionary approach: prioritizes performances and compatibility later
usually not favoured because of compatibility and
economy, time to market delay applied to highly specific problems where backward compatibility is not important
A large number of CLD has been proposed
existing proposals can be classified according to the type of architectural violation they represent as follows:
creation of new interfaces merging of adjacent layers design coupling without new interfaces vertical calibration across layers
Layer triggers:
predefined signals to notify special events between protocols cheap and quick to implement, maintains compatibility, most basic type
ECN, L2 triggers (logical link and
IP layers), etc. Event Helix Protocol Design:
Eventhelix is a streaming protocol allows dynamic insertion and removal
of protocol layer from a stack
MobileMan:
core component is the network status repository
protocols of different
layers can co-operate by sharing network status
fully compatible, robust and modular architechture
a system-wide CLD
Joint source channel coding:
Shares information between source coder and channel coder
adaptive and robust better performance under delay constraints or
time varying channels examples: source optimized channel coding, channel optimized source coding, etc
Designing a mobile broadband wireless network:
CLD optimization in 3G is difficult:
follows strict layered design sub-optimal resource and QoS utilization no
sufficient real time information excessive communication delay thus, information sharing not efficient isolated layers limits the ability of the transceiver and controller to be IP QoS aware
Thus, 4G system proposed Uses IP with air interface technology based on OFDM
Higher spectral efficiency achieved than in CDMA
based 3G lower layers are jointly optimized while maintaining the compatibility with standard IP architecture
CLD optimization provides scheduler with a rich set of cross-layered information such as traffic packet queue state, QoS demands and channel condition for all users, enabling it to make the best possible decision
Wireless sensor networks:
designing WSNs is a challenge with one of them being power consumption CLD approaches helps in a significant energy saving WSNs are task specific and most often a stand alone implementation which does not need to communication with other IP based networks
JSCC Shannon mapping:
Source and channel blocks that work in digital domain are replaced by a direct analogue source symbol to channel symbol through mapping
The role of the physical layer
in wired networks it sends and receives data when required but in wireless networks it plays bigger role like, multi packet reception.
The right communication model
wireless medium is inherently broadcast with no clear-cut concept of communication links in the wireless network new possibilities and schemes for communication rises
Co-existence of CLD Proposals
how different cross-layer design proposals can co-exist with one another? designers need to start establishing which cross-layer design proposals may or may not be employed in conjunction with a given crosslayer design scheme
When to invoke a CLD?
One of the motivations behind cross-layer design is to achieve the network equivalent of impedance matching A key component of making inroads towards the new architectures is to identify the interfaces between the protocol abstractions
Standardization of interfaces
Broadcast nature of the wireless medium
no point to point links protocols can be designed based on this nature
direct source to destination connection, connection through relay combined relay and source (node co-operation) More diversity, performance improvment
Two types of co-operation schemes
Planned co-operation
participating nodes and their roles are decided
before the transmission starts
Unplanned co-operation
nodes are not decided prior to transmission
planned cooperation involves significantly more violation of the layered architectures than unplanned cooperation
Most works are focused on joint design of 2 or 3 layer only CLD proposals are linked with issues related to
Communication, networking, architecture, etc
As capacities offered through wireless LAN approach its limit that can be handled through internet backbone,
Its important to look for the new techniques like cross-layer design
