Analog Multiplier
• A multiplier produces an output Vo, which is
proportional to the product of two inputs Vx,Vy.
• Quadrant defines the applicability of the circuit
of bipolar sign at the inputs.
• First quadrant: Only positive input signals.
• Two quadrant : One bipolar and one Unipolar
signal
• Four quadrant : Two bipolar signal
Multiplier modes of operation
Types of Analog Multiplier
• Logarithmic type multiplier
• Emitter coupled transistor type multiplier
• Variable transconductance type multiplier
Logarithmic summing technique
ANALOG MULTIPLIER IC
• Features:
• High input impendance
• Laser trimmed 10 V scaling refernce
• No external components required
• Supply voltage range +8v to +18v
• Application:
• Frequency doubler
• Voltage squarer
• Voltage divider
• Square rooter
• Phase angle detection
(i) Frequency doubler
• Let V1= Vx sinwt
• V2= Vy sinwt
• Vo=V1 V2
• Vref
(ii) Voltage Squarer
• Let sin wave voltage
• Vi=Vm sinwt applied to
both the inputs then
the output voltage Vo.
(iii) Voltage divider
(iv) Square rooter
(iv) Phase angle detection
PHASE LOCKED LOOP
Phase locked loop
• Important building block of linear system.
• Inexpensive monolithic Ics
• This technique of electronic frequency control
is used as
• Satellite communication systems
• Air bone navigation system
• FM communication systems
• The basic building blocks of PLL are
• Voltage controlled Oscillator
• Phase Detector / Comparator
• Low pass filter
• Error amplifier
• Voltage controlled Oscillator:
• Applying dc control voltage , Vc shift the frequency.
• Frequency deviation directly proportional to the dc
control voltage.
• free running multivibrator
• Operates at a freequency fo
• Fo is determined by external timing capacitor and an
external resistor.
•
• Phase Detector / Comparator:
• Ps,fs –applied to the PLL.
• Compares the phase and frequency of input
signal with VCO output signal Vo.
• If the two signals differ if frequency and phase
an error voltage generated.
• Multiplier and produces the sum and difference
components of frequency ( fs+fo) and (fs-fo).
• Low pass filter:
• It removes high frequency component and difference
frequency component is amplified.
• Control voltage Vo and VCO.
• Error voltage or control voltage:
• The output of LPF without high frequency noise.
• Operation:
• When control voltage =0 VCO is in free running mode.
• Output frequency – fo(center frequency)
• When control voltage = non zero
• shift in the VCO frequency from its free running
frequency , fo to a given frequency f, given by
f=fo+Kv.Vc
• Where Kv=voltage to frequency transfer coefficient.
• control voltage applied as an input to the VCO forces
to change its fo in the direction that reduces the
difference between the input frequency and output
frequency of VCO.
•
• The output frequency of VCO is same as the
input signal frequency.
• Once the two frequencies are same the circuit
is said be locked.
• PLL tracks the frequency changes of the input
signal.
• PLL goes through three states:
• Free running, capture , phase lock.
• Some important definitions,
• Lock Range: when PLL is in lock, it can track
frequency changes in the incoming signal. The
range of frequencies over which the PLL can
maintain lock with the incoming signal.
• Capture Range:The range of frequencies over
which the PLL can acquire lock with an input
signal is called capture range of the PLL
• pull – in time: To total time taken by a PLL to establish
the lock is called pull in time Or Capture time.
• Application of PLL :
• Frequency multiplication / division.
• Frequency translation.
• AM Detection.
• FM Demodulation
• FSK Demodulator
Frequency multiplication / division.
Frequency translation
AM Detection
FM Demodulation
Frequency Synthesizer
FSK Modulator
FSK Demodulator
