ASYNCHRONUS AND SYNCHRONUS TRANSMISSION

serial->bit by bit transmission from sender to receiver Parallel->simultaneous transfer

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 serial-> conversion devices are required at the

interface between the device and the line of transmission

Asynchronous transmission->

timing is irrelevant, bits are send as group of 8 1start bit at beginning and 1 stop bit at end There may be gap between each byte At byte level sxr and rxr are not synchronized

Synchronous transmission

Sends bit 1 after another without start or stop bits or gaps Bit stream is converted to longer frames(multiple bytes) 4/8/12

Simplex:- unidirectional communication eg: keyboard

to monitor

Half duplex:- each station can transmit and recieve

but not at same time eg:- walkie talkies

Duplex(full):- both stations can transmit and receive

simultaneously

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Multiplexing

Frequency Spectrum - the combination of all signals that make up the signal. It is a collection of all component frequencies of the signal

Bandwidth - refers to the range of frequencies of frequency spectrum or

simply the width of the frequency spectrum

Bandwidth = highest frequency minus lowest frequency

Bw = fh fl

Multiplexing-> allows simultaneous transmission of multiple signals

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Frequency division multiplexing

Bandwidth of link is greater than combined bandwidth of all the signals to be transmitted Signals generated by each device is modulated at different carrier frequencies and is combined to form a composite signal. Guard bands prevent signals from overlapping

Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing

Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a digital process that allows several connections to share the high bandwidth of a link Shares time instead of portion of bandwidth

Statistical Time-Division Multiplexing

In statistical time-division multiplexing, slots are dynamically allocated to improve bandwidth efficiency.
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MO-DEM
ADSL-asymmetric dsl

Higher downstream speed than upstream For residential users Uses existing local loops Adaptive technology that uses data rate based on condition of local loop line Modulation technique used is DMT

Channel 0 voice;1-5 idle,6-30 upstream;31- 255 downstream data transfer and control

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Tecnology

DownstreamUpstream rate rate ADSL LITE 1.5mbps 500 kbps HDSL 1.5-2.0 mbs 1.5-2.0 mbps SDSL 768 kbps 768 kbps VDSL 25-55mbps 3.2mbps

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Spread Spectrum
Spread spectrum is designed to be used in wireless

applications principles:

Spread spectrum achieves its goals through two 1. The bandwidth allocated to each station needs to

be, by far, larger than what is needed. This allows redundancy.

2. The expanding of the original bandwidth B to the

bandwidth Bss must be done by a process that is independent of the original signal. In other words, the spreading process occurs after the signal is created by 4/8/12 the source.

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

The frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)

technique uses M different carrier frequencies that are modulated by the source signal. frequency; at the next moment, the signal modulates another carrier frequency

At one moment, the signal modulates one carrier

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Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

The direct sequence spread spectrum (dSSS) technique also expands the bandwidth of the original signal, but the process is different. In DSSS, we replace each data bit with n bits using a spreading code. Eg: barker sequence where n is 11 Privacy Immunity against interference

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Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

In CDMA, one channel carries all transmissions

simultaneously

CDMA differs from FDMA because only one channel

occupies the entire bandwidth of the link.

It differs from TDMA because all stations can send

data simultaneously; there is no timesharing.

Communication with different codes

Multiplying each code by another we get 0 Multiplying code by itself we get the no of stations
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Circuit switching Types

Space division switching

Cross

bar switches switches

Multistage

Time division switching

TSI TDM

bus

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Circuit switching
Set of switches connected by physical links Connection is dedicated path made of 2 or more links;

each connection uses only one dedicated channel on each link.

Takes place at physical layer Data transferred are not packetized No addressing involved 3 phases

Set up:- a dedicated link is established Data transfer phase:-2 parties transmit data
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Space division switching

Path in the circuit are separated from each other

spatially

Cross bar switch

Connects n i/ps to m o/ps in a grid Uses electronic micro switches (transistors) at cross point Limitations
n

x m cross points idle cross points

More

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Multistage switches
Crossbar switches in several stages Middle level has less switches than first & final

stages
Outputs of switches are given as inputs of other

switches
Multiple paths are given Reduced cross point numbers First stage must have output to each next

intermediate stage
Last stage must have input from each previous 4/8/12

Time division switching

Uses TDM to achieve switching Types

TSI TDM bus

i/p

and o/p are connected to high speed bus through gates (switches) i/p gate & its corresponding o/p gate are closed during its time slot circuit opens/closes switches

Each

Control

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DATAGRAM
In

a datagram network, each packet is treated independently of all others. Even if a packet is part of a multipacket transmission, the network treats it as though it existed alone. Packets in this approach are referred to as datagrams. layer

Datagram switching is normally done at the network Packets may get lost or arrive at out of sequence Connectionless

networks:- switch does information about the connection state

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not

keep

 Virtual-circuit networks

A virtual-circuit network is a cross between a circuit-switched network and a datagram network. It has some characteristics of both.
There

is tear down and set up phase are allocated during set up

Resources Data All

are packetized and each packet carries an address in headerglobal address and local address packets follow same established path at data link layer

Implemented

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Effect Of Packet Size

Smaller packets and much larger packets increases delay Connection oriented:- connection is established before transmission Connection less:- connection is not established between the device before transmission

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TH
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