N`mrf Vmei ik ^mjms eg Hultgrrg Bgzz

Iflèîm ik Tmrtuhuâs
 
Tuojlngfm pmr www.auefgkietgj-n`gehis.nmk

 
L^OE2 <80-7-<7464>-6<-9
 
Nmpyrlh`t © ?479 Bmsip` Gjixgefir
Vrgfuzlfm pmr2 Gefirsme fi Mjlvilrg Ijlgs Buelmr
 
Ms flriltms kmrgls fissi gutmr amrgk prisirvgfms.
 
Vmfms ms flrilt
flriltms
ms risirvgfms. Eie`ukg pgrti fissg puojlngèîm pmfi sir
riprmfuzlfg,
riprmfuzlfg, grkgziegfg ik uk slstikg fi rinupirgèîm mu trgeskltlfg ik
qugjquir amrkgtm mu pmr quglsquir kilms sik g prìvlg gutmrlzgèîm pmr isnrltm
fg ifltmrg.
 G ifltmrg eîm ì rispmesçvij
rispmesçvij pmr wiosltis (mu sius nmetiòfms) qui eîm sibgk fi
 prmprlifgfi
 prmprlifgfi fg ifltmrg.
 
www.auefgkietgj-n`gehis.nmk
 

Mutrms Jlvrms fg Auefgkietgj

Auefgkietgj N`gehis
Nmkpjitm  pgrg
M Hulg Nmkpjitm pgr g Vmngr Ojui
Ojuiss eg
e g Hultg
Hu ltgrrg
rrg Jlvrm Yk2 Hultgrrg Ogsi
M Hulg Nmkpjitm pgrg V mngr
mngr Ojuis eg Hultgrrg Jlvrm
Hultgrrg Jlvrm Fmls2 Argsis Kijþflngs
M Hulg Nmkpjitm pgrg Vmngr  Ojuis
 Ojuis eg Hultgrrg Jlvr
Hultgrrg  Jlvrm
m Vrâ s2 Gjìk
Gj ìk fgs
f gs Tiet
Tietgtö
gtöelng
elngss
M Hulg Nmkpjitm pgr
Nmkpjitm  pgrg
g Vmngr Ojui
Ojuiss eg
e g Hultgrrg - Nmkpljgèîm
M ^lstikg NGHIF
NGHIF i 744 Jlncs fi Ojuis
fi  Ojuis eg Hultgrrg
 Kufgeèg
 Kuf geègss  Auefg
 Auefgkiet
kietgls
gls eg Hultg
H ultgrrg
rrg B gzz2
gzz2 ll Q L Kglmr 
ll Q Kiemr Fmklegefm g Hultgrrg Bgz z
^mjms eg Hultgrrg2 Bgzz i Ojuis
 Isngjgs
 Isng jgs fi Hult
Hultgrr
grrg
g Nmetix
Nm etixtug
tugjlz
jlzgfg
gfgss
 Fmklegef
 Fmkl egefm
m Gnmrfis
Gnm rfis fi Bgz
Bgzzz eg Hultgrrg (Gnmrfis fi Hultgrrg Nmetixtugjlzgfms Tgrti Fmls)
Vì nelng
n elng Nmkpjitg pgrg Hultgrrg Kmf
Hultgrrg  Kmfireg
ireg

 Fmk legefm
 Fmklege fm g Hultg
Hu ltgrrg
rrg Auec
Nmkpljgèîm Nmk pji
 pjitg
tg fi Vìne
Vìnelng,
lng, Vimrl
Vimrlgg i Isngjgs eg Hultgrrg
 Fmklegef
 Fmkl egefm
m Jilt
J ilturg
urg fi Emtg
Emtgèîm
èîm eg Hultg
H ultgrrg
rrg
Hultgrrg _mnc N 
 GHIF22 M ^ls
 GHIF ^lstikg
tikg NGHI
NGHIFF i 744 Jlnc
Jlnc s
 s pgrg
p grg Hult grr
grrgg _mnc
_m nc
M Hulg
Hu lg Trçtlnm fi Vimrlg Kuslngj Kmfireg pgrg Hultgrrlstgs
 Gujgss fi
 Gujg f i Hultg
Hu ltgrrg
rrg Leln lget
lgeti2
i2 M Hulg
Hu lg Iss
Issienl
ienlgj
gj
N`mrf Vmei
Vmei ik ^mjms eg Hultgrrg Bgzz
Hultgrrg Ogsi @igvy kitgj
Hultgrrg ^mjm @igvy Kitgj
^mjms Ixþtlnms nmk Tietgtöelngs eg Hultgrrg
Hultgrrg Ogsi @igvy kitgj
Qmlni Jigfleh eg Hultgrrg Bgzz
^mjms em Bgzz Nmkpljgèîm Nmkpjitg
Ms Gnmrfis fi Bgzz eg Hultgrrg Nmkpljgèîm
Hultgrrg Ojuis Alehirstyji
^mjms fi _mnc Kijþflnms eg Hultgrrg
Tmp i _mnc Ycujiji2 pgj`itgfg
 
 

Nmetiòfm
Motie`g m Çuflm
Letrmfuèîm
Letrmfuè îm
Nmkm Ysgr
Ysgr Issi Jlvrm
Ngpëtujm Yk2 ll Q L Kglmr
Ngpëtujm Fmls2 L vl ll Q8 (8o< ^uostltulèîm)
^uostltulèîm)
G ^uostltulèîm 8o< (Flkleutg)
Ngpëtujm Vrâs2 L8 QL8 LL8 Q8
Ngpëtujm Wugtrm2 L (ll Q8 L) l
Ngpëtujm Nlenm2 L (l Q L)
G suostltulèîm k8o9 Fmklegeti
Fmklegeti
Ngpëtujm ^ils2
^ils2 L LL8 llk8 Q
Ngpëtujm ^iti2 L8 LQ8 Q8 LQ8
Ngpëtujm Mltm2 ll Q L Kiemr
Ngpëtujm Emvi2 M Ojuis Kiemr
Ngpëtujm Fiz2 L ollFlk8 ll olllFlk8
olllFlk8
Ngpëtujm Mezi2 ll Q fisniefieti
fisniefieti
Ngpëtujm Fmzi2 G ^uostltulèîm
^uostltulèîm fm Vrëtmem
Ngpëtujm Vrizi2 LLL8 olll ll oLL8 L
Ngpëtujm Wugtmrzi2 Kgls Trmhrissùis
Ngpëtujm Wulezi2 Ixirnënlms pgrg Trgtlngr Qgrlgèùis
Nmenjusùis
Letihri-si
Mutrms jlvrms fg Auefgkietgj N`gehis
 

Motie`g m Çuflm
 
Ms grqulvms fi çuflm fissi jlvrm iistîm
www.auefgkietgj-n`gehis.nmk m jlecflspmeëvils pgrgsupirlmr
istç em ngetm fmwejmgf hrgtultm
flriltm. ik
Gpiegs
sijinlmei m tëtujm fm jlvrm em kieu i slhg gs lestruèùis pgrg oglxgr ms çuflms.
 
Eþs rinmkiefgkms qui vmnâ vmnâ oglxi ms çuflms flrflritgkieti
itgkieti pgrg siu nmkputgfmr
ik viz fm siu tgojit, i trgesalrg-ms pgrg jç fipmls fi gflnlmeç-jms g sug hgjirlg fi
këflg. Ietîm, vmnâ pmfi nmjmnç-jms em siu tgojit, lTmf mu hrgvç-jms ik uk NF.
Eg pçhleg fi fmwejmgf `ç uk TFA pgrg gbufç-jm i eþs tgkoìk mairinikms
supmrti tìnelnm gtrgvìs fm amrkujçrlm fi nmetgtm.
 
Clefji / i_igfirs
 
Tgrg gprmviltgr gm kçxlkm issi jlvrm, jikori-si fi qui vmnâ pmfi njlngr ik
qugjquir lkghik pgrg gkpjlç-jg. Fisjlhui m ojmquilm fi "rmtgèîm fi tijg" i
sihuri siu clefji ik amrkgtm pglsghik.
 
Tgrg Kgls fi ?94 Gujgs fi Hultgrrg Nmk Qëfims Hrçtls, Gnissi2
www.auefgkietgj-n`gehis.nmk
 

Vwlttir2 Dhultgr]bmsip`
AO2 AuefgkietgjN`gehisLeHultgr
Lestghrgk2 AuefgkietgjN`gehis
 

Letrmfuèîm
M smjm eg hultgrrg fm bgzz pmfi sir uk gssuetm nmkpjlngfm, ispinlgjkieti
qugefm
  trgtgkms fms smjms smori prmhrissùis fi gnmrfis.
Gm nmetrçrlm fg kòslng pmp kmfireg, ms "pgfrùis" fm bgzz emrkgjkieti kufgk
fi tmegjlfgfi kultgs vizis ik gpiegs uk riarîm. Issi eëvij fi nmkpjixlfgfi
`grköelng pmfi amrègr m smjlstg g gefgr pmr uk ngkpm klegfm fi nmeniltms
tiþrlnms iequgetm tietg gn`gr gjhm kuslngj i nrlgtlvm pgrg tmngr. Emrkgjkieti
piesgr fikgls gm tmngr gngog siefm m kglmr mostçnujm pgrg g ispmetgeilfgfi
nrlgtlvg.
 
Ietritgetm, tgkoìk ì virfgfi qui pgrg tmngr gs emtgs nirtgs eg `mrg nirtg, m
smjlstg fivi nme`inir gs prmhrissùis fi gnmrfis prmauefgkieti. M nme`inlkietm
sþjlfm fi nmkm g ngeèîm aml nmestruëfg ì issienlgj pgrg qui ms smjms ajugk fi
amrkg jlvri i nrlgtlvg.
 
Ienmetrgr m iquljëorlm ietri g rgzîm i g virfgfilrg ispmetgeilfgfi fm lkprmvlsm
ì uk fms kgls lkpmrtgetis fisgalms qui tmfm kòslnm fi bgzz iearietg.
 
Buetm nmk g nmkpriiesîm i g kikmrlzgèîm fgs prmhrissùis fi gnmrfis em bgzz,
ms hultgrrlstgs emrkgjkieti iearietgk m fisgalm gflnlmegj trgzlfm pmr siu
prþprlm lestrukietm pgrg tmngr gnmrfis nmrritms, isngjgs i grpibms gm jmehm fi
tmfm m orgèm. Gm nmetrçrlm fm plgem, pmfi `gvir flvirsms amrkgtms flairietis fi
uk
  kiskm grpibm.
Gpriefir g tmngr tmfms ms grpibms i isngjgs fi gpiegs uk gnmrfi bç ì ogstgeti
flaënlj i, gjìk flssm, ì prinlsm jivgr ik nmetg qui ms gnmrfis rgrgkieti sîm
tmngfms lsmjgfgkieti. Wugefm vmnâ smjg smori uk mu fmls gnmrfis ik
siquâenlg, pmfi nmkiègr g pgrinir qui vmnâ istç nmrriefm sik sglr fm juhgr.
 
Nmk nietiegs fi pgfrùis fi bgzz pgrg gpriefir, alng flaënlj gtì kiskm ienmetrgr
uk pmetm fi pgrtlfg pgrg gpriefir g smjgr eg hultgrrg.
 
Nirtgkieti, si m smjm fi bgzz amssi rigjkieti vlstm fissg amrkg, elehuìk si
gtrivirlg g tmngr ukg emtg. G rispmstg pgrg tmfms issis fisgalms istç ik
 

slkpjlalngr emssm piesgkietm i ienmetrgr m fiemklegfmr nmkuk qui

auefgkietg g kglmrlg fgs prmhrissùis fm bgzz.
 
G prlkilrg nmlsg g ietiefir smori m bgzz ì qui eîm `ç eg virfgfi tgetgs
prmhrissùis fi gnmrfis qugetm vmnâ pmfirlg piesgr. Ikomrg `gbg nietiegs fi
ngeèùis fi bgzz, kultgs fijgs usgk siquâenlgs fi gnmrfis lenrlvijkieti
slkljgris. Tmr ixikpjm, irg emrkgj eg irg fm oiomp qui kòslnms nmkm N`grjli
Tgrcir i Flzzy Hljjipsli isnrivissik emvgs kijmflgs egs kiskgs prmhrissùis
fi gnmrfis fi mutrgs kòslngs.
 
Gs kijmflgs fi Get`rmpmjmhy (Tgrcir/Hljjispli), Kmmsi t`i Kmmn`i (Tgrcir) i
Mjim (_mjjles) sîm tmngfgs smori g prmhrissîm fi gnmrfis fi L Hmt _`yt`k
(Himrhi Hirs`wle).
 
Furgeti g irg fm oiomp, m bgzz istgvg prmvgvijkieti ik sug agsi fi kglmr
nmkpjixlfgfi ik prmhrissùis `grköelngs. Ms pirëmfms sihuletis fm @grf Omp i
fm
gmsBgzz Kmfgj
smjlstgs irgkkgls
sirik ik musgfms
hirgj kiems nmkpjixms `grkmelngkieti,
kijmflngkieti. m quiixnièùis,
Movlgkieti ixlstik pirkltlg
ispinlgjkieti ik gjhukgs amrkgs fi bgzz auslme i tgkoìk em çjouk fi Bm`e
Nmjtrgei, Hlget ^tips.
 
Issi jlvrm gegjlsg i iesleg vmnâ g smjgr smori gs trizi prmhrissùis fi gnmrfis
kgls usgfgs, qui amrkgk g isple`g fmrsgj fm bgzz.
 
Iu eîm pmssm flzir qui issi jlvrm gomrfg tmfgs gs pmssëvils siquâenlgs fi
gnmrfis qui vmnâ lrç si fipgrgr ik sug bmregfg pgrg si tmregr uk smjlstg fi bgzz,
kgs gs prmhrissùis kienlmegfgs eissgs pçhlegs mnmrrirîm flvisgs vizis ik sius
istufms. Issgs istruturgs nmkues amrkgk g ogsi fi tmfm m bgzz.
 
Ghmrg qui rifuzlkms emssm amnm fi istufm gpiegs pgrg gs trizi prmhrissùis fi
gnmrfis kgls usgfgs em bgzz, pmfikms gtietgr pgrg gjhues fms fisgalms
ispinëalnms fg hultgrrg.
 
G kglmr prlmrlfgfi fi tmfm kòslnm fivirlg sir slkpjiskieti agzir kòslng.
Isquiniefm tmfgs gs flalnujfgfis vlstgs ems smjms fi bgzz pmr uk kleutm, si
`muvissi ukg amrkg slkpjis fi nrlgr ukg kijmflg kikmrçvij smori ukg
prmhrissîm fi gnmrfis, eîm fivirlg sir ixgtgkieti issi m pmetm fi pgrtlfg=
 
Äs vizis, gs siquâenlgs fi gnmrfis fm bgzz pmfik sir gomrfgfgs usgefm gpiegs
 

ukg isngjg "kgtrlz". Tmr ixikpjm, tmfms ms gnmrfis eg siquâenlg g sihulr

pirtienik ä tmegjlfgfi fi Oo Kglmr2
 

Qmnâ pmfi smjgr pmr tmfg issg prmhrissîm usgefm g isngjg fi Oo Kglmr i g
kglmrlg fgs emtgs fi Oo Kglmr smgrîm oik ik gjhuk pmetm fg prmhrissîm. Issg
gomrfghik ì ogstgeti nmkuk eg kòslng pmp i em rmnc.
 
M prmojikg fi ukg gomrfghik pmr isngjgs ì qui m bgzz i ispinlgjkieti m oiomp
emrkgjkieti eîm nmstukgk amrkgr kijmflgs ogsigfgs ik isngjgs. Ik viz
flssm, ijis tiefik g trgtgr ngfg gnmrfi nmkm ukg uelfgfi sipgrgfg i gs
lkprmvlsgèùis sîm ogsigfgs em grpibm fi ngfg gnmrfi ik viz fg "isngjg kgtrlz"
fg prmhrissîm.
 
Yk grpibm nmeslsti slkpjiskieti egs emtgs fi uk fitirklegfm gnmrfi tmngfgs
ik siquâenlg ik viz fi tmfgs fi ukg viz. Qmnâ pmfi piesgr ik uk grpibm
nmkm si amssi g "âeagsi" egs sëjgogs fms gnmrfis, ukg fi ngfg viz, fg kiskg
amrkg qui ukg nrlgeèg qugefm flz "fl-ems-sgu-rm". Wugefm vmnâ tmng uk grpibm,
vmnâ istç smjitrgefm ms gnmrfis ik siu smjm i grtlnujgefm sugs emtgs.
 
Ms grpibms sîm g ogsi fms smjms em bgzz i `ç vçrlgs kgeilrgs fi jlhgr flairietis
grpibms ik ukg prmhrissîm fi gnmrfis. Ì g amngjlzgèîm fgs emtgs fm grpibm qui
amrkgk g isple`g fmrsgj fms smjms em bgzz.
 
Tiesi ems grpibms nmkm m isquijitm fi uk smjm fi bgzz, i egs isngjgs i
suostltulèùis nmkm eg piji i gnissþrlms qui pmfik sir usgfms pgrg gfmregr i
ikoijizgr m nmrpm fm smjm.
 
Issi jlvrm ti iesleg nmkm jlhgr flairietis grpibms smori gs prmhrissùis fi
gnmrfis kgls nmkues em bgzz, buetm nmk gjhukgs lkpmrtgetis suostltulèùis,
gjìk fi flngs i truquis pgrg nrlgr smjms fi amrkg kgls açnlj i nrlgtlvg.
 
Ikomrg tmfms ms gnmrfis ik ukg siquâenlg pmssgk pirtienir g kiskg isngjg
kgtrlz, ms grpibms sîm gs airrgkietgs qui ems gbufgk g tmngr gs emtgs nmrritgs fg
 

isngjg smori ms gnmrfis nirtms.
 
Fi vmjtg gm flghrgkg getirlmr, g isngjg kgtrlz fi Oo Kglmr tik tmfgs gs emtgs
fms grpibms fi Nk8, A8 i OoKgb8, nmkm kmstrgfgs eg tgoijg, g sihulr.
 
 

Isngjg fi Oo Kglmr2 G O N# F I A# H#
 
Gnmrfi Emtgs fm Grpibm
Nk8   N Io H Oo
A8   A G N Io
OoKgb8   Oo F A G
 
Nmkm vmnâ pmfi vir, gs emtgs fm grpibm fi ngfg gnmrfi istîm tmfgs fietrm fg
isngjg kgtrlz fi Oo Kglmr, kgs ngfg gnmrfi tik gpiegs ukg sijièîm fi 6 emtgs.

Gs emtgs pirtienietis g ngfg grpibm smgk kgls amrtis i sihurgs fi sirik tmngfgs
smori sius prþprlms gnmrfis. Tmr ixikpjm, g emtg Io smg istçvij qugefm tmngfg
smori uk gnmrfi fi Nk8, kgs si vmnâ amssi tmngr uk Io smori uk OoKgb8,
vmnâ muvlrlg uk piquiem nmeajltm qui prinlsgrlg sir rismjvlfm.
 
Wugefm vmnâ prgtlng ms smjms nmk grpibms smori prmhrissùis fi gnmrfis, vmnâ
istç gpriefiefm g muvlr  i jmngjlzgr gs emtgs kgls amrtis fi ngfg gnmrfi. Gsslk
nmkm gpriefiefm g "tmngr prmhrissùis" eg hultgrrg, vmnâ istç gpriefiefm g
muvlr nmkm issgs emtgs amngjlzgfgs smgk i si nmkpmrtgk. Gsslk qui vmnâ tlvir
letiregjlzgfm issgs emtgs amrtis, sugs jle`gs kijþflngs lrîm egturgjkieti nmkiègr
g sihulr eg flrièîm fijgs.
 
Issg tìnelng fi amngjlzgr gs kufgeègs fi emtgs ik ukg prmhrissîm fi gnmrfis ì
n`gkgfg fi "`lttleh t`i n`gehis" (tmngr vgrlgèùis). Nirtgkieti, furgeti siu
prmhrissm i fisievmjvlkietm nmkm kòslnm, vmnâ pmfi finlflr amngjlzgr emtgs
amrg fm grpibm, ietritgetm issi tlpm fi nmetrmji i isnmj`g kuslngj ì sikpri
nmestruëfm g pgrtlr fg `goljlfgfi fi muvlr i tmngr omgs vgrlgèùis fi grpibms ik
siu lestrukietm.
 
Trgtlngefm oik ms grpibms, alng açnlj usgr gs isngjgs fi amrkg nrlgtlvg i mobitlvg.
Gm trilegr sius muvlfms nmk grpibms, vmnâ sikpri sirç hulgfm fi amrkg egturgj i
lenmesnlieti pgrg gs emtgs kgls amrtis fi ngfg gnmrfi i fisievmjvirç ukg gkpjg
jloirfgfi kijþflng ik sius smjms.
 
Yk fms fisgalms ispinëalnms fg hultgrrg ì qui `ç flvirsgs kgeilrgs fi tmngr gs
kiskgs isngjgs, grpibms i gnmrfis em orgèm fm lestrukietm. Lssm pmfi fgr g
 

lkprissîm fi qui vmnâ fivi sir ngpgz fi tmngr qugjquir istruturg ik qugjquir
juhgr fm orgèm. Lssm ì uk iquëvmnm i nmkpjitgkieti agjsm, ispinlgjkieti
qugefm vmnâ istç nmkiègefm.
 
Ikomrg m fmkëelm tmtgj fg ixtiesîm fm orgèm fg hultgrrg sibg uk hrgefi
mobitlvm, lssm fivi sir ukg kitg fi jmehm prgzm. Kiskm ms kij`mris hultgrrlstgs
fm bgzz nmstukgk si amngr ik sugs rihlùis agvmrltgs fm orgèm. Ì njgrm, `ç
hultgrrlstgs lenrëvils pmr gë qui sîm jltirgjkieti ngpgzis fi tmngr qugjquir nmlsg
ik qugjquir rihlîm fm orgèm, kgs lssm ì risujtgfm fi gems fi prçtlng.
 
Jikori-si qui m mobitlvm fm trilem ì agzir kòslng fg amrkg kgls rçplfg i açnlj
pmssëvij. M mobitlvm ì eîm alngr oltmjgfm ik ngfg vgrlgèîm pmssëvij em orgèm.
 
^i vmnâ jiu gjhuk fms kius mutrms jlvrms, vmnâ sgoi qui iu smu uk hrgefi aî fm
slstikg NGHIF. M slstikg NGHIF ti mairini nlenm amrkgtms mu
pmslnlmegkietms fi qugjquir gnmrfi, isngjg mu grpibm qui lrîm nmorlr m orgèm
nmkpjitgkieti.
 
Gm nmkiègr g gpriefir smjms em bgzz, iu rinmkiefgrlg amrtikieti qui vmnâ
gpriefissi ngfg prmhrissîm ik gpiegs ukg çrig fm orgèm. Fmklei gs vgrlgèùis
gpiegs egquijg çrig, pmrqui m qui vmnâ rigjkieti istç agziefm ì trilegr sius
muvlfms pgrg muvlr gs kufgeègs.
 
^ug kuslngjlfgfi lrç si fisievmjvir rgplfgkieti i vmnâ nmkiègrç jmhm g
pirkltlr qui sius fifms si filxik jivgr pmr sius muvlfms.
 
^i vmnâ nmesihulr letiregjlzgr m smk fi ukg prmhrissîm fi gnmrfis nmkpjitg ik
ukg pmslèîm eg hultgrrg, vmnâ fisnmorlrç qui g trgeslèîm pgrg mutrgs çrigs fm
orgèm ì kultm kgls açnlj. Issg gomrfghik flrinlmegfg gbufg g fisievmjvir ukg
ixnijieti guflèîm i nmealgeèg pgrg tmngr gs vgrlgèùis eissg pgrti lelnlgj fm
orgèm. Lssm agz nmk qui vmnâ ghrihui rgplfgkieti tmfms ms mutrms gspintms
kijþflnms fm bgzz qui agzik g kòslng hge`gr vlfg.
 
Vmfgs gs trizi siquâenlgs fi gnmrfis auefgkietgls ieslegfgs eissi jlvrm istîm
jmngjlzgfgs ik ukg rihlîm fm orgèm. G lfilg prlenlpgj ì qui vmnâ fmklei ukg
pmslèîm getis fi pgrtlr pgrg g prþxlkg. Gm jmehm fm jlvrm, vmnâ sirç jivgfm g
usgr flairietis pgfrùis fi goirturg fms fifms gorgehiefm ukg çrig kglmr fm

orgèm.
 
 

Tmr uk jgfm, issi jlvrm alng kgls nmkpjixm `grkmelngkieti gm jmefm fiji, kgs
pmr mutrm iji si tmreg kgls açnlj qugefm vmnâ pirnioi qui istç riutljlzgefm
kultms fms gnmrfis, grpibms i amrkgtms fi isngjgs qui bç gpriefiu.
 
Gs siquâenlgs fi gnmrfis eissi jlvrm riprisietgk g kglmrlg fgs prmhrissùis qui
vmnâ ienmetrgrç nmkm hultgrrlstg fi bgzz. Ietritgetm, issgs prmhrissùis fivik
sir trgtgfgs gpiegs nmkm ixirnënlms qui ti gbufgk g amngr egs emtgs kgls
lkpmrtgetis fi ngfg gnmrfi i g gpriefir gs lfilgs nrmkçtlngs i rëtklngs qui
auefgkietgk ms smjms eg hultgrrg fm bgzz.
 
Issi jlvrm fivi sir usgfm buetgkieti nmk mutrgs amrkgs trgflnlmegls pgrg
gpriefir smjms fi bgzz. Lenjuslvi, ietri mutrgs2
 
-  Muvlr omes kòslnms fi bgzz
-  Gpriefir g kijmflg fg kòslng qui istç tmngefm
t mngefm
-  Gpriefir trgesnrlèùis fi smjms
--   Vrgesnrivir
Jir jlvrms fismjms
jlncs i vmngoujçrlm
-  Vmngr nmk mutrms kòslnms fi bgzz
 
Issi jlvrm ti gbufg g fmklegr gs `goljlfgfis i prmhrissùis issienlgls fm oiomp,
iequgetm iesleg nmkm lesirlr tmfgs gs emtgs fi gprmxlkgèîm  nrmkçtlng  i
tìnelngs fi hultgrrg qui ti gbufgrîm g fisievmjvir uk kmfm fi tmngr gutâetlnm
fietrm fm bgzz.
 
Eîm si isquièg qui vmnâ pmfi oglxgr ms çuflms fi gpmlm hrgtultgkieti ik
www.auefgkietgj-n`gehis.nmk/fmwejmgf-guflm/ .
 
Qmnâ pmfi njlngr fugs vizis pgrg ixpgeflr gs lk
lkghies
ghies em Clefji.
 
 

Nmkm Ysgr Issi Jlvrm

 
Issi jlvrm
g smjgr gprisietg
smori gs trizi
ijgs usgefm siquâenlgs
ms kij`mris fi gnmrfis
grpibms kgls nmkues em bgzz i iesleg
i nrmkgtlskms.
 
G jlehughik tìnelng fm bgzz pmfi sir letlklfgfmrg g prlenëplm, kgs eîm si
primnupi. Ngfg nmeniltm eissi jlvrm sirç ieslegfm fi amrkg jietg i kuslngj, nmk
flvirsms ixikpjms. G sièîm sihuleti kmstrgrç uk risukm fi nmkm issi jlvrm
auenlmeg. Ms gssuetms nmkpjixms sirîm ieslegfms fi ukg kgeilrg flritg.
 
Ngfg ngpëtujm nmkièg kmstrgefm g prmhrissîm fi gnmrfis qui sirç istufgfg,
uetm nmk ixikpjms fi mefi ijgs pmfik sir ienmetrgfgs eg kòslng i guflèùis
rinmkiefgfgs. Vmfms ms pmetms lkpmrtgetis fi timrlg sîm gomrfgfms nmk gs
tmegjlfgfis i ukg orivi geçjlsi fgs prmhrissùis.
 
Ngfg ixikpjm pmfi sir istufgfm ik ukg pmslèîm eg hultgrrg qui fivi sir siu
òelnm amnm em leënlm. Gm alegj fm ngpëtujm, `ç mutrgs pmslèùis suhirlfgs pgrg
ixpjmrgr qugefm vmnâ tlvir fmklegfm g suhistîm lelnlgj.
 
G nmlsg kgls lkpmrtgeti i oieìalng qui vmnâ pmfi agzir gm gpriefir uk smjm ì
letiregjlzgr m njlkg fg prmhrissîm. Qmnâ pmfi agzir lssm tmngefm ms amrkgtms fi
gnmrfis i gpriefiefm tufm ixgustlvgkieti ik ukg pmslèîm eg hultgrrg. Vmqui
uetm nmk gs aglxgs fi auefm pgrg kij`mrgr siu tikpm i aiijleh.

 Qmnâ
Qmnâ pirnioirç qui ms nmeniltms sîm kultm kgls açnils fi sirik gpjlngfms ik
mutrgs pmslèùis si vmnâ muvlr i sietlr  gs prmhrissùis prlkilrm. Kultms smjms
ixnijietis usgk gpiegs g prlkilrg pmslèîm fg isngjg pietgtöelng kiemr pmrqui
ijg auenlmeg kultm oik. Gpriefir g smjgr smori gs prmhrissùis ik ukg pmslèîm
ì trgogj`m sualnlieti pmr iequgetm.
 
M ngpëtujm nmkièg kmstrgefm ms amrkgtms fi gnmrfis rinmkiefgfms. Wugefm
vmnâ tlvir fmklegfm issis gnmrfis, ms grpibms nmrritms sirîm kmstrgfms gm rifmr
fissis gnmrfis. Fipiefiefm fm siu eëvij, siu prlkilrm trgogj`m pmfirç sir
kikmrlzç-jms.
 
 

G kij`mr gomrfghik pgrg gpriefir smjms smori prmhrissùis fi gnmrfis ì amngr

ik piquiegs çrigs fm orgèm. Tmr ixikpjm, vmnâ prmhriflrç kultm kgls rçplfm si
amngr ik nmkm gs emtgs fms grpibms sîm flairietis ietri ms gnmrfis ik piquiems
hrupms fi fugs nmrfgs.
 
Kultms ixirnënlms i ixikpjms kuslngls sîm fgfms ik ngfg ngpëtujm, ikomrg sibg
einissçrlm ieagtlzgr qui ijis sîm gpiegs uk pmetm fi pgrtlfg ! ^iu trgogj`m ì
ienmetrgr m kçxlkm fi ngkle`ms ietri gs emtgs fm grpibm qui pufir. @ç
leòkirgs amrkgs fi pgssigr pijgs vgrlgèùis fi gnmrfis qui sirîm flsnutlfgs ik
prmaueflfgfi ik ngfg ngpëtujm.
 
Trgtlqui ngfg siquâenlg ik sikëelkg (ukg emtg pmr tikpm) i usi g aglxg fi
auefm pgrg gbufç-jm. Ijgs sîm prmpmsltgjkieti oik jietgs. Nmenietri-si ik
pgrtis piquiegs fm orgèm i tisti ixgustlvgkieti gs pmssloljlfgfis flspmeëvils.
 
Wugefm vmnâ tlvir kgls nmealgeèg, tieti gjhukgs nmjn`ilgs i, ietîm, nmkolei
sikëelkgs i nmjn`ilgs. Eîm si primnupi2 kultms ixikpjms kuslngls sirîm fgfms
pijm ngkle`m.
 
G prþxlkg itgpg ì lesirlr gjhukgs emtgs nrmkçtlngs. Tiesi eissi pgssm nmkm m
kmkietm fi "jlhgr ms pmetms". Kgls ukg viz, lssm sirç ixpjlngfm ik fitgj`is
ik ngfg sièîm, kgs g lfilg oçslng ì lesirlr emtgs qui nmeintik ms grpibms fg
amrkg kgls sugvi i kijþflng pmssëvij.
@ç kultms ixirnënlms ixtrgs fgfms em ngpëtujm qulezi qui pmfik sir gpjlngfms g
ngfg prmhrissîm fi gnmrfis eissi jlvrm. Issis ixirnënlms pmfik amngr uk
letirvgjm ispinëalnm fi ngfg grpibm, nmkolegr letirvgjms, mairinir g vmnâ uk
nmeniltm rëtklnm mu kiskm ti agzir tmngr amrg fgs emtgs mrlhlegls fm gnmrfi. Issi
tlpm fi trilem kij`mrg sugs `goljlfgfis em orgèm fm lestrukietm, sug
nmkpriiesîm kuslngj i tgkoìk ti gbufg g letiregjlzgr m njlkg fg prmhrissîm.
 
^uostltulèùis fi Grpibm
 
Em bgzz, ì pmssëvij (i nmkuk) tmngr flairietis grpibms suostltutms  smori uk
gnmrfi. ^uostltulèùis gflnlmegk ixtiesùis gm gnmrfi mrlhlegj nmkm <ª, 77ª i 7>ª.
G suostltulèîm kgls nmkuk em bgzz ì tmngr uk emvm grpibm qui nmkini g pgrtlr
fg >ª fm gnmrfi mrlhlegj. Issi nmeniltm ì ixpjlngfm i flsnutlfm ik prmaueflfgfi
em ngpëtujm uk.

 Ngfg
Ngfg prmhrissîm eissi jlvrm tik pijm kiems uk gnmrfi fmklegeti 8 auenlmegj.
 

Yk gnmrfi fmklegeti 8 auenlmegj ì gquiji qui si rismjvi em gnmrfi töelng, pmr

ixikpjm, A8 pgrg OoKgb8. Gnmrfis fmklegeti 8 auenlmegls pirkltik qui si
tmqui ukg hrgefi vgrlifgfi fi grpibms smori ijis. G kgls lkpmrtgeti fissgs
suostltulèùis fi fmklegeti  sirç gprisietgfg gms pmunms furgeti m jlvrm.
Gjhukgs vizis, issgs suostltulèùis tâk emkis istrge`ms/jihgls nmkm "G
^uostltulèîm fm Vrëtmem". Eîm filxi m emki ti gogjgr, m nmeniltm ì rijgtlvgkieti
slkpjis.
 
Eg kòslng, ms gnmrfis fmklegeti 8 sîm emrkgjkieti uk pmetm fi tiesîm fg
kòslng. Nmkm ijis sîm tiesms i sirîm rgplfgkieti rismjvlfms ik mutrm gnmrfi,
ms kòslnms fi bgzz hmstgk fi gflnlmegr ukg tiesîm ixtrg  g issis gnmrfis
fmklegetis.
 
G tiesîm ixtrg ì fgfg gms gnmrfis fmklegeti 8, gflnlmegefm-si gjtirgèùis
nrmkçtlngs  g sug `grkmelg mrlhlegj. Tmr ixikpjm, g siquâenlg A8 pgrg OoKgb8
pmfirlg lhugjkieti sir tmngfg nmkm A8o9o< pgrg OoKgb8. Ms smjlstgs nmjmngk
issi tlpm fi tiesîm gjtirgfg  eg kijmflg usgefm suostltulèùis fi grpibms
ispinëalngs em juhgr fm gnmrfi A8 mrlhlegj.
 
^ikpri qui ukg emvg suostltulèîm amr letrmfuzlfg, `gvirç ukg ixpjlngèîm
nmkpjitg i kultms ixikpjms kuslngls pgrg ti gbufgr g lenmrpmrç-jg egturgjkieti
ik sug amrkg fi tmngr. Ì lkpmrtgeti jikorgr qui tmfgs issgs suostltulèùis fi
grpibms sîm slkpjiskieti mpèùis. G òelng amrkg fi bujhç-jgs ì tietgr usç-jgs i si
vmnâ eîm hmstgr fijgs, fisngrti-gs pmr iequgetm.
 
Filxgefm gs suostltulèùis fi jgfm, si vmnâ ì lelnlgeti ik smjms fi bgzz, sug
prlmrlfgfi gosmjutg ì fmklegr m prlkilrm eëvij fi grpibms (töelng gtì 8ª) smori
ngfg hrupm fi prmhrissùis. Ykg viz qui issis grpibms istibgk fmklegfms, vmnâ
pmfi alegjkieti nmkiègr g letrmfuzlr emtgs nrmkçtlngs i suostltulèùis eijis.
 
89% fi uk smjm fi Oiomp ì ogsigfm eissis prlkilrms grpibms qui sîm ieslegfms
ik ngfg ngpëtujm. Qmnâ nmk nirtizg fivi pgssgr g kglmr pgrti fm tikpm
gpriefiefm ijis. Vgjviz ?4% fm smjm lrç usgr grpibms suostltutms slkpjis i nirng
fi 9% usgrç gs lfilgs kgls nmkpjixgs, ieslegfgs kgls tgrfi eisti jlvrm.
Gprmvilti oik sius trilems.
 
Flvlrtg-si!

 Bmsip`
Bmsip`
 

Ngpëtujm Yk2 ll Q L Kglmr

 

Issg prmhrissîm pmfi sir muvlfg eg Aglxg fi Auefm Yk.

 
Vmegjlfgfi2 Oo Kglmr.
 
Isngjg Kgtrlz2 Oo Kglmr.
 
G prmhrissîm Kglmr ll Q L ì m gjlnirni fg amrkgèîm fm bgzz. Ijg pmfi sir muvlfg
ik qugsi tmfgs gs kòslngs g pgrtlr fm alk fg "Irg fm ^wleh" ik flgeti. Ì
lkpmrtgeti sgoir qui em bgzz m gnmrfi llk8 aml gflnlmegfm uk pmunm kgls tgrfi
i si tmremu kgls pmpujgr furgeti g "Irg fm Oiomp". Eg kglmr pgrti fm pirëmfm
fm swleh, issg prmhrissîm fi gnmrfis irg emrkgjkieti isnrltg slkpjiskieti
nmkm Q L. M gnmrfi ll aml gflnlmegfm pijms kòslnms fi oiomp pgrg fgr ukg
mpèîm fi smjm gflnlmegj sik gaitgr g tmegjlfgfi fg prmhrissîm.
 
Omgs ngeèùis pgrg si muvlr g siquâenlg Kglmr ll Q L sîm2
 
--   Ojui
Vuei Omssg
Yp
-  Gutuke Jigvis
-  Tirflfm
-  Gjj t`i V`lehs \mu Gri
 
I kultgs mutrgs.
 
M prmnissm qui vmnâ gpriefirç eissi ngpëtujm sirç ripitlfm fipmls ik ngfg
ngpëtujm usgefm prmhrissùis fi gnmrfis flairietis. Eîm si gprissi ems prþxlkms
pgssms, bç qui m siu isamrèm ghmrg ti gbufgrç g nmestrulr uk ietieflkietm
prmauefm i siesloljlfgfi kuslngj pgrg g kglmrlg fgs prmhrissùis fi gnmrfis kgls
 

tmngfgs eg kòslng.
 
Nmkini gpriefiefm gs prmhrissùis fi gnmrfis i ms amrkgtms fms gnmrfis
(goirturgs).
 

Kikmrlzi issis amrkgtms fi gnmrfis i tmqui-ms nmk g Aglxg fi Auefm Yk.

Issis gnmrfis sîm jikoritis vlsugls fi tufm qui si sihulrç eissi ngpëtujm.
 

Qmnâ prinlsg sgoir ms grpibms g sihulr pgrg smjgr smori ngfg gnmrfi. Tirniog qui
ijis sîm nmestruëfms ems amrkgtms fi gnmrfis getirlmris. Vieti vlsugjlzgr ngfg
gnmrfi iequgetm vmnâ smoi i fisni ik ngfg grpibm.
 
Grpibms Tmslèîm Yk2
 

Ysi ms pgssms g sihulr pgrg gbufç-jm g kikmrlzgr ngfg amrkgtm fi grpibm. Getis

 fi ngfg pgssm, tmqui m gnmrfi gssmnlgfm nmk ngfg grpibm (kmstrgfms ik pritm).
-  Vmqui m grpibm gsniefieti g pgrtlr fg töelng. G töelng ì kmstrgfg pijm
qugfrgfm pritm.
-  Vmqui m grpibm gsniefietikieti g pgrtlr fg emtg kgls hrgvi eg sixtg
nmrfg (hrgvi).
-  Vmqui m grpibm fisniefietikieti g pgrtlr fg emtg kgls ghufg eg
prlkilrg nmrfg (ghufg).
-  ^uog i fisèg m grpibm g pgrtlr fg emtg kgls hrgvi gtì g kgls ghufg.
-  _ipltg m pgssm getirlmr, kgs fissg viz flhg m emki fi ngfg letirvgjm
ik vmz gjtg iequgetm tmng. Tmr ixikpjm, pgrg m grpibm fi Nk8 gnlkg, flhg,
"Vöelng, tirèg oikmj, quletg, sìtlkg oikmj".
 
Wugefm vmnâ pufir tmngr issis grpibms nmeamrtgvijkieti, tieti jlhgr ms trâs
grpibms usgefm ms pgssms g sihulr (vmnâ eîm prinlsg tir kikmrlzgfm ngfg
amrkgtm glefg, eîm `ç prmojikg ik jâ-jms ems pgpij).
 
-  ^uog ngfg grpibm ukg viz g pgrtlr fg töelng. Fâ uk piquiem letirvgjm
ietri ngfg grpibm.
-  ^uog ngfg grpibm ukg viz g pgrtlr fg emtg kgls hrgvi eg sixtg nmrfg.
-  Fisèg ngfg grpibm ukg viz g pgrtlr fg emtg kgls ghufg eg prlkilrg
nmrfg.
-  ^uog m prlkilrm grpibm g pgrtlr fg emtg kgls hrgvi, fisèg m sihuefm g
 

pgrtlr fg emtg kgls ghufg i, ietîm, suog m tirnilrm g pgrtlr fg emtg kgls
hrgvi.
-  Levirtg m pgssm getirlmr.
 
^ibg nrlgtlvm nmk sius ixirnënlms i fisnuorg emvgs amrkgs fi kikmrlzgr issis
amrkgtms fi grpibm. Gtì kiskm isnrivir ms grpibms fi kikþrlg pmfi sir
oieìalnm si vmnâ eîm tlvir ukg hultgrrg pmr pirtm.
 
Wugefm vmnâ istlvir nmealgeti, ì `mrg fi nmkiègr g tmngr gjhues ixirnënlms pgrg
amngr gs prmhrissùis fi gnmrfis. G prlkilrg tgriag ì amngr ik ukg pgrti piquieg
fg hultgrrg i fisnmorlr m kglmr eòkirm pmssëvij fi amrkgs fi kufgr ietri ms
grpibms.
 
Ysi g Aglxg fi Auefm Yk, nmkini lsmjgefm gs fugs nmrfgs fm tmpm fg hultgrrg i
tmqui qugtrm emtgs fi ngfg grpibm ik ngfg nmkpgssm (sikëelkg).
 
 

Ixikpjm 7g2
 

Em ixikpjm getirlmr, g siquâenlg fi gnmrfis ì ripitlfg fugs vizis i, ik ngfg

ripitlèîm, iu kmstril ukg amrkg flairieti fi pgssigr pijgs gjtirgèùis. G òelng
rihrg ì tmngr ukg emtg fm emvm grpibm tmfg viz qui m gnmrfi kufgr.
 
Ms ixikpjms eissi jlvrm sîm gpiegs uk pmetm fi pgrtlfg. ^ug klssîm ì fisnmorlr
m kglmr eòkirm fi amrkgs fi ngkle`gr ietri ngfg grpibm. Alngefm eissgs fugs
nmrfgs, filxi sius fifms pgssigrik pijms amrkgtms fi grpibms i vibg qugetms
ngkle`ms vmnâ nmesihui fisnmorlr gm "tmngr gs prmhrissùis".
 
Wugefm vmnâ nmkiègr g alngr sik lfilgs, kufi pgrg m prþxlkm hrupm fi fugs
nmrfgs, pmr ixikpjm g sihuefg i tirnilrg nmrfgs, i ripltg m ixirnënlm. Gqul istîm
fmls ngkle`ms pmssëvils ietri gs kufgeègs.
 
Ixikpjm 7o2
 

_ipltg issi prmnissm

trâs i qugtrm, qugtrm i kmviefm-si gtrgvìs nlenm
nlenm3 i alegjkieti fi ngfg hrupm fi fugs nmrfgs2 nmrfgs
i sils.
 

 
Fivi istgr njgrm ghmrg qui gjhukgs emtgs sîm nmkues g kgls fi uk grpibm. ^i
vmnâ qulsir ripitlr ukg emtg ik ukg kufgeèg fi gnmrfis, sþ ì pmssëvij si g
emtg ixlstlr ik gkoms ms grpibms.
 
Gms pmunms, vmnâ pmfi nmkiègr g amngr ik hrupms uk pmunm kglmris fi nmrfgs.
M ixikpjm g sihulr kmstrg m kiskm ixirnënlm tmngfm gm jmehm fg sihuefg,
tirnilrg i qugrtg nmrfgs.
 

Ixikpjm 7n2
 

Ienmetri tgetgs amrkgs qugetm pufir pgrg si kmvlkietgr pijgs prmhrissùis

usgefm gpiegs issi hrupm fi trâs nmrfgs.
 
Vrilei ik ngfg hrupm fi trâs nmrfgs gfbgnietis pmssëvij i, ietîm, pgssi pgrg
hrupms fi grpibm.
jlhgr ngfg qugtrm Mnmrfgs. Qmnâ lrç
siu trgogj`m rgplfgkieti
furm ghmrg sirç fisievmjvir
rinmkpiesgfmflvirsgs amrkgs fi
em auturm.
 
Wugefm vmnâ ivmjulr, nmkini g fmorgr gjhues rltkms gflnlmegefm nmjn`ilgs.
Ykg ixnijieti amrkg fi nmkiègr ì lesirlr nmjn`ilgs em tikpm alegj fi ngfg
nmkpgssm.
 
Ixikpjm 7f2
 

_ipltg issi ixirnënlm, kgs tieti vgrlgr m tikpm em qugj vmnâ nmjmng gs emtgs ik
nmjn`ilgs. Gms pmunms nmjmqui kgls nmjn`ilgs ik ngfg nmkpgssm gtì ngfg emtg
istgr ik nmjn`ilgs.
 Jlhgefm ms Tmetms
Jlhgefm
 

 
G prþxlkg itgpg ì tmngr ukg emtg amrg fm grpibm  em tikpm qugtrm fi ngfg
nmkpgssm. @ç trâs amrkgs fi agzir lssm.
 
7)  Nmk emtgs fi pgssghik nrmkçtlng2  Ykg emtg fi pgssghik nrmkçtlng
nmori m ispgèm fi uk tmk ietri gs emtgs fms grpibms fi gnmrfis
flairietis.

?)  Nmk emtgs fg isngjg2 Ykg emtg fg isngjg tgkoìk pmfi sir usgfg pgrg
nmorlr uk ispgèm, kgs m tmk fg isngjg sikpri vlrç fg isngjg kgtrlz fm
gnmrfi. Eissi ngpëtujm, g isngjg kgtrlz ì Oo Kglmr.
 
 >)  Nmk emtgs fi gprmxlkgèîm nrmkçtlng2 Ijgs sîm ixgtgkieti nmkm gs
emtgs fi pgssghik nrmkçtlng, kgs pmfik sir tmngfgs ik gkoms ms jgfms
fg emtg gjvm.
 
Issgs trâs tìnelngs
pgrg sugvlzgr sîm ms ajmrilms
gs trgeslèùis ietri gskgls
emtgsusgfms em bgzz
ik grpibms i sîm sikpri
flairietis. Ì kglsutljlzgfgs
açnlj fi
vir i muvlr eg kòslng.
 
Istufi m ixikpjm g sihulr nulfgfmsgkieti. Tristi gtieèîm egs prlkilrgs nlenm
emtgs.
 
Ixikpjm 7i2
 

Em tikpm qugtrm fm prlkilrm nmkpgssm, iu gflnlmeil ukg emtg fi pgssghik

nrmkçtlng pgrg priien`ir m ispgèm ietri ms grpibms fi Nk8 i A8. Ikomrg issg
emtg eîm tie`g egfg g vir nmk ms grpibms, ijg priien`i m ispgèm ietri gs emtgs
ems grpibms. G siquâenlg fi emtgs nmkiègefm em tikpm trâs ì H, H# i G3 i
 

amrkg ukg kijmflg qui smoi nrmkgtlngkieti.

 
G kiskg tìnelng ì usgfg em alk fm nmkpgssm fmls, mefi iu buetil m o8 fm grpibm
fi A8 (Io) nmk g 9ª fm grpibm fi OoKgb8 (F). G siquâenlg fi emtgs ì Io, I i A.

G lfilg ì ripitlfg em nmkpgssm qugtrm, mefi iu jlhm g 9ª fm gnmrfi OoKgb8 (A)

nmk g 9ª fm gnmrfi fi Nk8 (H) usgefm g emtg nrmkçtlng "A#".
 
^ikpri qui `muvir g flstïenlg fi uk tmk ietri ukg kufgeèg fi gnmrfis, ijg
pmfi sir priien`lfg nmk ukg emtg fi pgssghik nrmkçtlng fissg kgeilrg.
 
Em nmkpgssm nlenm, iu usm ukg emtg fg isngjg pgrg jlhgr ms gnmrfis fi Nk8 i
A8. G emtg fg isngjg auenlmeg ixgtgkieti fg kiskg kgeilrg qui g emtg fi
pgssghik nrmkçtlng, kgs g emtg vik fg isngjg töelng fi Oo Kglmr2
 

Iu usil ukg emtg fg isngjg pmrqui g flstïenlg ietri gs emtgs fi kufgeèg fm

grpibm irgk kglmris fm qui uk tmk i g emtg fg isngjg irg g amrkg kgls sugvi fi
jlhgr gs fugs emtgs.
 
Alegjkieti, ietri
nrmkçtlng. Iu alz ms
lssmnmkpgssms
pmrqui g nlenm
òjtlkgiemtg
sils,fm
iu gnmrfi
usil ukg
fi emtg fi gprmxlkgèîm
A8 (Io) i g prlkilrg
emtg fm gnmrfi fi Oo (F) istgvgk g gpiegs uk sikltmk fi flstïenlg i, pmrtgetm,
eîm `gvlg ispgèm pgrg priien`ir nrmkgtlngkieti.
 
Iu prinlsgvg tmngr gjhukg nmlsg em tikpm qugtrm qui jivgssi gm gnmrfi fi
OoKgb, pmr lssm iu "sgjtil" g emtg gjvm (F) i tmquil ukg emtg uk sikltmk
goglxm fg emtg gjvm (N#). Lssm slhelalng qui iu pufi nirngr g kle`g emtg gjvm pmr
uk sikltmk ik gkoms ms jgfms.
 
Issg ì ukg tìnelng nmkuk i gs trâs emtgs buetgs (Io, N# i F) amrkgk ukg
lkpmrtgeti istruturg kijþflng n`gkgfg fi ienjmsuri. Tiesi em ienjmsuri  nmkm
 

uk sgefuën`i nmk g emtg gjvm nmkm rin`ilm.

 
M prþxlkm ixikpjm kmstrg uk mutrm ngkle`m ietri gs kufgeègs i agz usm fi
tmfgs gs trâs tìnelngs fisnrltgs gnlkg. Ngfg tìnelng istç fistgngfg eg kòslng.
 
Ixikpjm 7a2
 

Gegjlsi m ixikpjm getirlmr i istibg nirtm fi qui vmnâ ietiefiu nmkm gs

flairietis tìnelngs auenlmegk. Jilg emvgkieti g sièîm "Jlhgefm ms Tmetms" si
vmnâ istlvir nmk fòvlfgs.
 
M nmeniltm kgls lkpmrtgeti pgrg trilegr ì m pgfrîm fi emtg fi pgssghik
nrmkçtlng. Wui ì qugefm vmnâ priien`i m vîm fi uk tmk ietri ms grpibms.
Nmkini gflnlmegefm ukg emtg fi pgssghik nrmkçtlng em tikpm qugtrm fm
nmkpgssm pmrqui lssm lrç fgr amrèg kijþflng g jle`g qugefm amr amngr g emtg fm
grpibm em prþxlkm gnmrfi.
 
^i eie`ukg emtg fi pgssghik nrmkçtlng pufir sir usgfg, tieti "nirngr" g emtg
gjvm nmk uk ienjmsuri (emtg fi gprmxlkgèîm) mu usi ukg gprmxlkgèîm gtrgvìs
fg isngjg fi Oo Kglmr.
 
Nmkini nmk hrupms slkpjis fi fugs nmrfgs i ixpjmri m kglmr eòkirm fi amrkgs
qui pufir pgrg jlhgr ms pmetms usgefm emtgs fi pgssghik nrmkçtlng em tikpm
qugtrm.
 
Gm hge`gr nmealgeèg i pirnipèîm, gms pmunms nmkini g usgr hrupms fi trâs
nmrfgs i qugtrm nmrfgs.
 
Tmr alk, nmkini g lesirlr nmjn`ilgs fg kiskg amrkg qui aiz em ixikpjm 7f. M
 

ixikpjm g sihulr kmstrg gpiegs ukg amrkg fi gflnlmegr nmjn`ilgs gm tikpm

qugtrm fi ngfg nmkpgssm.
 
 

Ixikpjm 7h2
 

Vrilei m ixikpjm 7h i istibg nirtm fi qui vmnâ ietiefiu nmkm iu pgssil fi ukg
emtg fm gnmrfi pgrg g sihuleti ik ngfg kufgeèg. Jikori-si, `ç nietiegs fi
kgeilrgs flairietis fi tmngr issgs vgrlgèùis. ^þ fipiefi fi vmnâ levistlr m
tikpm einissçrlm pgrg gn`gr tgetms ngkle`ms qugetm pmssëvij. Gms pmunms,
nmjmqui kgls nmjn`ilgs ems tikpms.
 
Wugefm vmnâ trilegr issgs lfilgs, nmkini oik fivghgr sik usgr uk kitröemkm
mu aglxg fi auefm. Wugefm vmnâ si agkljlgrlzgr, pme`g g aglxg fi auefm i
nirtlalqui-si fi tmngr ukg emtg nmrritg fm grpibm em tikpm uk fi ngfg
nmkpgssm. Eîm si primnupi nmk ms irrms, ijis sikpri gnmetinik em leënlm i ti
gbufgk g gpriefir kgls rgplfgkieti.

M mobitlvm rigj ì isquinir gs jle`gs i pgfrùis nmestgetis i gms pmunms filxgr

ispgèms ik sug ixinuèîm. G lfilg ì tmngr argsis kgls nurtgs qui gtrgvissik m

nmkpgssm. Qmnâ virç qui siu argsigfm hge`grç uk smtgqui fi bgzz

lkiflgtgkieti.
 
Gqul istç istç ukg lfilg kijþflng qui usg tmfms ms nmeniltms gomrfgfms eissi
ngpëtujm.

Ixikpjm 7`2
 
 

 
G jle`g getirlmr ì nmkpjitgkieti nmestruëfg g pgrtlr fi emtgs fm gnmrfi i emtgs
fi gprmxlkgèîm nrmkçtlng. G òelng nmlsg qui kufmu aml m rltkm.
 
 

Grpibms Istieflfms >-<

 
 Iu rinmkiefm qui vmnâ eîm slhg eistg sièîm gtì qui tie`g tmngfm ms grpibms
getirlmris
getirlmris eg pmslèîm fg töelng nmeamrtgvijkieti pmr gjhukgs sikgegs.
 
Gtì ghmrg, eþs amngkms ems grpibms qui "smjitrgk" ngfg gnmrfi. Gs emtgs fm
grpibm sîm lfâetlngs gm gnmrfi i tâk ms letirvgjms 7, >, 9 i 8.

Issis grpibms sîm2

 
Nk8 N Io H Oo
Letirvgjms 7 o> 9 o8
 
A8 A G N Io
Letirvgjms 7 > 9 o8
 
OoKgb8 Oo
Oo F A G
Letirvgjms 7 > 9 8
 

Ykg tìnelng òtlj i nmkuk em bgzz i ik mutrms hâeirms ì g nmestruèîm fi uk

emvm grpibm fi qugtrm emtgs g pgrtlr fg >ª fi ngfg gnmrfi. Ik viz fi tmngr 7, >,
9, 8, eþs tmngrikms >, 9, 8, <.

M iailtm flssm ì g gflèîm fg rlquizg fm letirvgjm fi <ª egs kijmflgs i tgkoìk

ivltgr g töelng. Qmnâ pmsslvijkieti bç emtmu qui ripmusgr eg töelng eg kijmflg
pmfi nmjmngr uk pmetm alegj eijg, ispinlgjkieti em gnmrfi töelng (OoKgb8).
 
Gm ivltgr g töelng, gflnlmegkms rlquizg i kmvlkietm gms smjms.
 
Tgrg amrkgr uk grpibm >-<, nmkini eg >ª fm gnmrfi i nmestrug qugtrm emtgs.
Tmr ixikpjm2
 
Nk8 (7-o8)   N Io H Oo  
 

Nk8 (>-<)   N    Io H Oo F
Letirvgjms   7   o> 9 o8 <
 
Gs emtgs em grpibm istieflfm fi Nk8 sîm Io, H, Oo i F.
 
_ipitlefm
nrlgfms2 m prmnissm ems gnmrfis A8 i OoKgb8, ms sihuletis grpibms >-< sîm
 
A8 (7-o8)   A G N Io  
A8 (>-<)   A    G N Io H
Letirvgjms   7   > 9 o8 <
 
OoKgb8 (7- Oo F A G  
8)

OoKgb8
<) (>- Oo   F A G N
Letirvgjms   7   > 9 8 <
 
Qmnâ pmfi pirnioir qui issis grpibms istieflfms amrkgk emvms grpibms g sug
kgeilrg. Tmr ixikpjm, gs emtgs em grpibm istieflfm (>-<) fi OoKgb82 F, A, G i
N amrkgk uk emvm grpibm fi Fk8. ^goir flssm pmfi sir tgetm ukg vgetghik
qugetm ukg flstrgèîm. ^i vmnâ istç gpiegs nmkiègefm g ixpjmrgr ms grpibms
istieflfms, lssm ì nirtgkieti ukg flstrgèîm, pmrtgetm eîm si primnupi nmk g
timrlg pmr iequgetm.

Ms trâs grpibms istieflfms getirlmris pmfik sir tmngfms fg sihuleti kgeilrg

eissg pmslèîm fg hultgrrg2
 

Gs töelngs amrgk lenjuëfgs gpiegs pgrg riairâenlg. Eîm tmqui-gs eissis grpibms.
 

 
_ipltg m prmnissm fi gprieflzgfm fissis grpibms nmkm kmstrgfm eg pçhleg mezi.
M tikpm fiflngfm gqul tmregrç gs prþxlkgs itgpgs kgls açnils i rçplfgs.
Jikori-si, vmnâ sþ prinlsg gpriefir issis grpibms ukg viz pgrg tâ-jms pijm ristm
fg sug ngrrilrg.
 
Iequgetm vmnâ istlvir gpriefiefm ngfg grpibm istieflfm, sirç ogstgeti oieìalnm
muvlr ms gnmrfis mrlhlegls em auefm. Lssm ti gbufgrç g muvlr g <ª gflnlmegfg eg
`grkmelg mrlhlegj i g ieslegr gms sius muvlfms g "gniltgrik" ijg nmkm ukg emtg
fm gnmrfi. Gpriefir kòslng ì ogslngkieti gpriefir g muvlr nmlsgs emvgs.
 
Hrgvi-si tmngefm uk jmmp fi Nk8
Nk8 pgrg prgtlngr m grpibm o>-<. ^i vmnâ eîm tlvir
nmkm agzir lssm, usi uk fissis gpps  pgrg ti gbufgr. Qibg m ^isslmeOgef2 Bgzz
pgrg lM^ i l_igj Trm amr Kgn pgrg lM^.
 
Jikori-si fi tmngr m gnmrfi gssmnlgfm g ngfg grpibm getis fi tmngr m prþprlm
grpibm.
 
Wugefm vmnâ tlvir agkljlgrlzgfm nmk m smk i m njlkg fi ngfg grpibm, ripltg tmfm
issi ngpëtujm, suostltulefm ms grpibms >-< pijms amrkgtms fg pmslèîm töelng.
Nmkini ixirnltgefm ik hrupms fi fugs nmrfgs getis fi pgssgr pgrg hrupms fi
trâs i qugtrm nmrfgs.
 
M ixirnënlm g sihulr kmstrg gjhukgs amrkgs fi jlhgr ms grpibms >-< smori gs
prmhrissùis. Ijis sîm gpiegs m leënlm. Nmkm sikpri, g n`gvi pgrg m sunissm ì
ixpjmrgr issgs lfilgs m kgls fitgj`gfgkieti qui vmnâ pufir.
 
 

Ixikpjm 7l2 (Vrâs nmrfgs supirlmris)

 

Ixikpjm 7b2 (Vrâs nmrfgs kiflgegs)

 

Ixikpjm 7c2 (Nmk emtgs fi gprmxlkgèîm)

 

Wugefm vmnâ istlvir agkljlgrlzgfm, gflnlmei nmjn`ilgs em tikpm qugtrm i gms

pmunms gukieti g ariquâenlg fijgs gm alngr kgls ajuieti. Jikori-si fi filxgr
ispgèms ietri gs argsis i usi issgs lfilgs kuslngjkieti. M mobitlvm fi tmfm
ixirnënlm ì fisievmjvir emvgs lfilgs kuslngls. Gm slkpjiskieti flvlflr issgs
jmehgs siquâenlgs fi emtgs, vmnâ istgrç kgls pirtm fi vir g kòslng surhlr. Eîm si
 

isquièg fi muvlr omes kòslnms.

 
@ç mutrgs mpèùis fi grpibms pgrg m gnmrfi fi A8 qui eþs gomrfgrikms kgls
tgrfi, eissi jlvrm. Tgrg uk istufm kgls gprmauefgfm fg prmhrissîm ll Q L Kglmr,
vibg kiu jlvrm Auefgkietgj N`gehis le Bgzz Hultgr.
 
Gm fisievmjvir sugs `goljlfgfis, vmnâ pmfi gpjlngr gs lfilgs fi ngfg ngpëtujm
ik mutrgs rihlùis eg hultgrrg. Ms flghrgkgs fi grpibms i gnmrfis g sihulr ti
gbufgrîm g usgr ms nmeniltms getirlmris ik emvgs çrigs.
 

s pmslèùis g sihulr eîm fivik sir tietgfgs gtì vmnâ istgr nmealgeti pgrg tmngr
ms grpibms eg prlkilrg pmslèîm ajuietikieti i fi kikþrlg. Vgkoìk ì 
rinmkiefçvij qui vmnâ istufi gjhukgs fgs mutrgs prmhrissùis usugls getis fi
ritmregr
ritmregr g issi ngpëtujm.
 
Grpibms 7-8, Gnmrfis i Isngjgs2

Grpibms >-< i Gnmrfis2

 
 

 
 

Ngpëtujm Fmls2 L vl ll Q8 (8o<

^uostltulèîm)
 

Issg prmhrissîm pmfi sir muvlfg eg Aglxg fi Auefm Fmls.

 
Vmegjlfgfi2 Oo Kglmr.
 
Isngjg Kgtrlz2 Oo Kglmr (G pietgtöelng fi Oo Kglmr ì ukg isnmj`g fi isngjg
usugj pgrg ms qugtrm nmkpgssms)
 
G prmhrissîm L vl ll Q ì ixtrikgkieti usugj em bgzz i utljlzgfg ik kultms tikgs.
G siquâenlg aml pmpujgrlzgfg pmr Himrhi Hirs`wle nmk g kòslng "L Hmt
_`yt``k" i tik slfm uk pljgr fm bgzz fisfi ietîm. Ikomrg vmnâ emrkgjkieti
vç muvl-jg ik sug amrkg mrlhlegj, nmkm kmstrgfm gnlkg, g qugjlfgfi  fi ngfg
gnmrfi ì emrkgjkieti kmflalngfg. G qugjlfgfi fm gnmrfi quir flzir si iji ì
Kgb8, k8, 8 itn. Tmr ixikpjm, ì ogstgeti nmkuk muvlr em bgzz ngfg gnmrfi fg
siquâenlg nmkm uk amrkgtm fmklegeti nmk 8ª.

G prmhrissîm L vl ll Q ì nme`inlfg nmkm ukg siquâenlg fi gnmrfis turegrmuef

pmrqui ì emrkgjkieti ienmetrgfg em alk fg prmhrissîm i jivg g kòslng fi vmjtg
gm leënlm. ^i tmfms ms gnmrfis eg siquienlg L vl ll Q amrik flgtöelnms, nmkm
kmstrgfm gnlkg, ietîm g isngjg kgtrlz Kglmr, eissi ngsm, Oo kglmr, pmfi sir
tmngfg gm jmehm fi tmfg g prmhrissîm.
 
Qmnâ virç g prmhrissîm L vl ll Q kultgs vizis em bgzz i gjhukgs kòslngs
ixnijietis pgrg sirik istufgfgs sîm2
 
-  L Hmt _`yt`k
-  Mjim
 

-  Kmmsi t`i Kmmn`i

-  Lse“t Lt _mkgetln=
-  @igrt gef ^muj
 
Ms amrkgtms fi gnmrfis oçslnms pmfik sir tmngfms gsslk2

 
 

Issis sîm ms grpibms qui vmnâ prinlsgrç usgr pgrg smjgr eissis gnmrfis. G omg
emtënlg ì qui vmnâ bç nme`ini trâs fijis.
 

Nmkm vmnâ pmfi mosirvgr, 89% fissg prmhrissîm ì amrkgfg pijm ll Q L istufgfm
em ngpëtujm getirlmr. G òelng gflèîm ì m gnmrfi vl (Hk8).
 
Tgssi gjhuk tikpm gpriefiefm oik m grpibm fi Hk8 getis fi ixpjmrgr gs
siquâenlgs
fi gnmrfis.fiGmgrpibms ikmshrupms
prgtlngr fi fugs,
ixikpjms trâs ivmnâ
g sihulr, qugtrm nmrfgs smori
pirnioirç gs grpibms
qui ms kufgeègsfi
Ok8 i OoKgb8 tâk kultgs emtgs ik nmkuk. Vieti amngr g òelng emtg qui kufg
ietri issis gnmrfis.
 
Ils gjhukgs lfilgs pgrg nmkiègr.
 
Ixikpjm ?g2
 

Ixpjmri ngfg hrupm fi fugs nmrfgs nulfgfmsgkieti getis fi pgssgr gms hrupms
fi trâs nmrfgs.
 
Ixikpjm ?o2
 
 

 
Ixpjmri ngfg hrupm fi trâs nmrfgs nulfgfmsgkieti getis fi pgssgr gms hrupms fi
qugtrm nmrfgs.
 

Ixikpjm ?n2
 

Ixpjmri ngfg hrupm fi qugtrm nmrfgs nulfgfmsgkieti getis fi pgssgr gms hrupms
fi nlenm i sils nmrfgs.
 
Gm si agkljlgrlzgr, nmkini g usgr nmjn`ilgs fg kiskg amrkg qui eg pçhleg trizi.
Nmkini
nmkpgssmlesirlefm nmjn`ilgs
i gms pmunms em tikpm
gukietgr g sug qugtrm, getis fi kufgr g pmslèîm fijgs em
ariquâenlg.
 
Wugefm vmnâ pufir si kmvlkietgr ajuietikieti pmr issgs vgrlgèùis usgefm
gpiegs grpibms, nmkini g lesirlr gjhukgs lfilgs nrmkçtlngs fm ngpëtujm getirlmr.
Jikori-si, gs trâs tìnelngs nrmkçtlngs sîm2
 
-  Triien`ir m ispgèm fi uk tmk ietri flairietis grpibms nmk ukg emtg
fi pgssghik nrmkçtlng
-  Triien`ir uk ispgèm kglmr ietri grpibms nmk ukg emtg fg isngjg
-  Ievmjvir ukg emtg nmk uk pgfrîm fi emtgs fi gprmxlkgèîm si m emvm
grpibm istlvir g gpiegs uk sikltmk fi flstïenlg em tikpm trâs
 
Ms ixikpjms g sihulr kmstrgk amrkgs flairietis fi nmkolegr issgs lfilgs,
ikomrg vmnâ fivg amngr ik gpiegs ukg lfilg nrmkçtlng pmr viz.
 
Ixikpjm ?f2 (Gflnlmegefm lfilgs nrmkçtlngs em tikpm qugtrm)
 
 

 
 

Ixikpjm ?i2 (Gflnlmegefm nmjn`ilgs em tikpm qugtrm)

 

Ixikpjm ?a2 (Ysgefm rltkms i emtgs fi gprmxlkgèîm pgrg nrlgr ukg kijmflg)
 

Grpibms Istieflfms >-<

 
Ì usugj tmngr grpibms istieflfms >-< smori g prmhrissîm L vl ll Q.
 
Issi ì m grpibm >-< pgrg m gnmrfi fi Hk8.

Hk8 (o>-<)    H
Hk8 (7-o8) H   Oo
Oo
O o F
F A
A   G
 

Letirvgjms   7   o> 9 o8 <

 
Iji ì kmstrgfm gqul nmkolegfm nmk mutrms grpibms >-< eg siquienlg2
 

Gsslk nmkm em ngpëtujm uk, trilei g prmhrissîm fi gnmrfis i suostltug ngfg uk

fms grpibms mrlhlegls pmr grpibms istieflfms >-<.
 
Qmnâ pirnioirç rgplfgkieti qui m grpibm istieflfm o>-< fi Hk8 tik gs kiskgs
emtgs fm grpibm fi OoKgb8. M agtm fissis gnmrfis tirik kultm ik nmkuk ì
hirgjkieti uk prmojikg pgrg ms smjlstgs qui istîm tietgefm amngr ik tmes hulgs.
Ik kultgs kòslngs m gnmrfi vl(k8) (Hk8) ì emrkgjkieti trmngfm pijm gnmrfi
QL(8)
  (H8).
M gnmrfi fi H8 tik g emtg O qui ì ukg omg emtg pgrg amngr g pgrtlr fm Oo em
gnmrfi fi OoKgb8. Issg gjtirgèîm usugj ì gomrfgfg em prþxlkm ngpëtujm.

Tgrg prgtlngr grpibms >-< smori vgrlgèùis, nmkini nmk hrupms fi fugs nmrfgs i
gms pmunms kmvg-si pijg hultgrrg getis fi gukietgr g ixtiesîm pgrg hrupms fi
trâs i qugtrm nmrfgs.
 
M ixikpjm g sihulr ì uk omk nmkièm.
 
Ixikpjm ?h2
 

Vrilei m usm fissis grpibms ixgustlvgkieti i gms pmunms leslrg ms pgfrùis fi

 

emtgs fi gprmxlkgèîm i lfilgs rëtklngs qui gomrfgkms gtì gqul.

 

G ^uostltulèîm 8o< (Flkleutg)

M smjlstgs fi bgzz usgk ukg hrgefi vgrlifgfi fi suostltulèùis fi grpibms eîm-
flgtöelnms pgrg fgr tiesîm gms smjms.

Ykg suostltulèîm eîm-flgtöelng ì gquijg mefi m grpibm suostltutm tik emtgs qui
istîm amrg  fm nietrm tmegj mu isngjg kgtrlz fm gnmrfi. Yk fms juhgris kgls
nmkues pgrg si usgr ukg suostltulèîm fi gnmrfis eîm-flgtöelnms ì em gnmrfi
fmklegeti (fi rismjuèîm). Em ixikpjm getirlmr, m gnmrfi fmklegeti ì A8 i iji
istç siefm rismjvlfm em gnmrfi töelng OoKgb8.
 
M A8 ì vlstm nmkm uk pmetm fi tiesîm `grköelng qui ì gjlvlgfg qugefm si
rismjvi em OoKgb8.
 
Nmkm
fi bgzzmgn`gk
gnmrfiemrkgj
fmklegeti (A8)
lesirlr ì uk pmetm
qugjquir fmsifi tiesîm eg
gflnlmegj fi prmhrissîm,
tiesîm eissimspmetm
kòslnms
fm
smjm, nmetgetm qui g tiesîm eg lfilg kijþflng si rismjvg qugefm m gnmrfi si
sihuleti.S7[
rismjvir eg töelng em nmkpgssm sihuleti.S7[
 
G suostltulèîm kgls usugj fm gnmrfi fmklegeti 8 ì tmngr uk grpibm flkleutm 8 g
grtlr fg >ª fm gnmrfi fmklegeti.
 
Qgkms vir qugls emtgs sîm amngfgs qugefm tmngkms uk grpibm flkleutm 8 g
pgrtlr fg >ª fm A8 (G).
 
A8 (7-o8)   A G N Io
G Flk8   G N Io Ho
Letirvgjms   7   > 9 o8 o<
 
Nmkm vmnâ pmfi vir, qugefm uk grpibm fi Gflk8 ì tmngfm smori m gnmrfi fi
A8, gs emtgs sîm qugsi lfâetlngs gm grpibm >-< qui vlkms getirlmrkieti. G òelng
flairieèg kultm lkpmrtgeti ì qui g töelng (A) aml ritlrgfg i trmngfg pmr uk
letirvgjm o< (Ho).
 

Lssm
  pmfi sir vlstm eg nmkpgrgèîm fms flghrgkgs2
 

Em prlkilrm flghrgkg, g töelng fm fm gnmrfi (A) ì kmstrgfg nmk uk trlïehujm i

g töelng fm grpibm fi Gflk8 ì kmstrgfg nmk uk qugfrgfm. Qmnâ pirnioi qui g
òelng kufgeèg ì qui g töelng fi A8 aml rikmvlfg i gukietgfg uk sikltmk=
 
Issg ì g suostltulèîm kgls nmkuk pgrg uk gnmrfi fmklegeti em Bgzz.
 
M grpibm fi Gflk8 tik tmfgs gs emtgs lkpmrtgetis fm gnmrfi fi A8S?[
A8S?[   i uk
letirvgjm
  o< gflnlmegj. M smk nrlgfm ì m fm A8o<.
Ms ixikpjm g sihulr usg grpibms 7-8 pgrg ngfg gnmrfi, kgs usgk m grpibm Gflk8
em gnmrfi fi A8 pgrg nrlgr uk smk fi A8o<.
 
Qmnâ sþ prinlsg jikorgr fi suolr g töelng fm grpibm fi A8 ik uk sikltmk.
 
Ixikpjm ?`2
 

Vrgti m letirvgjm o< ixgtgkieti nmkm si iji amssi ukg emtg emrkgj fm gnmrfi.
 
Isti ì uk mutrm ixikpjm qui usg emtgs fi gprmxlkgèîm nrmkçtlng.
 
Ixikpjm ?l2
 

Isti òjtlkm ixikpjm usg gjhukgs nmjn`ilgs.

 
 

Ixikpjm ?b2
 

Vieti gs trâs lfilgs getirlmris nmk g Aglxg fi Auefm Fmls. Qmnâ nmesihui muvlr
nmkm m letirvgjm o< fç nmjmrlfm i tiesîm gm gnmrfi fmklegeti= Ì emrkgj qui m
Ho em gnmrfi fi A8o< si rismjvg eg emtg A fm gnmrfi OoKgb8.
 
Tgssi gjhues
gflnlmei flgsistieflfm
m grpibm ixpjmrgefm
>-< miksmk fm gnmrfis
mutrms 8o<. Wugefm tlvir kgls
i nmkolei-ms nmk ajuâenlg,
m grpibm
8o< em A8.
 
s pmslèùis g sihulr eîm fivik sir tietgfgs gtì vmnâ istgr nmealgeti pgrg tmngr
ms grpibms eg prlkilrg pmslèîm ajuietikieti i fi kikþrlg. Vgkoìk ì 
rinmkiefçvij qui vmnâ istufi gjhukgs fgs mutrgs prmhrissùis usugls getis fi
ritmregr
ritmregr g isti ngpëtujm.
 
Gm fisievmjvir sugs `goljlfgfis, vmnâ pmfi gpjlngr gs lfilgs fi ngfg ngpëtujm
ik mutrgs rihlùis eg hultgrrg. Ms flghrgkgs fi grpibms i gnmrfis g sihulr ti
gbufgrîm g usgr ms nmeniltms getirlmris ik emvgs çrigs.
 
Grpibms 7-8, Gnmrfis i Isngjgs2

 
 

 
 

Grpibms >-< i Gnmrfis2

 
 

Ngpëtujm Vrâs2 L8 QL8 LL8 Q8

 

Issg prmhrissîm pmfi sir muvlfg eg Aglxg fi Auefm Vrâs.

 
Vmegjlfgfi2  Firlvgfg fms gnmrfis ik Oo Kglmr. Vmfgs gs qugjlfgfis fms
gnmrfis amrgk kmflalngfgs pgrg uk amrkgtm fmklegeti 8.
 

Isngjgm Klxmjëflm
tmngr Kgtrlz2  Gik
gomrfghik pmr pmr
ngfg gnmrfi, isngjgs kgls slkpjis
ixikpjm, pgrg issg
Oo Klxmjëflm, prmhrissîm Nì
H8 Klxmjëflm,
Klxmjëflm i A Klxmjëflm. Eg prçtlng, kultgs isngjgs flairietis sîm usgfgs.
 
G prmhrissîm flgtöelng L vl ll Q fm ngpëtujm getirlmr gnmetini ariquietikieti em
gzz i amrkg g ogsi pgrg kultms tikgs pmpujgris. Ietritgetm, gjhues fms gnmrfis
eissg prmhrissîm sîm emrkgjkieti gjtirgfms i rinioik flairietis qugjlfgfis.
 
G qugjlfgfi fi uk gnmrfi ì g pgrti fipmls fg emtg töelng qui fisnrivi sug
ikmèîm i nmestruèîm. Tmr ixikpjm, g qugjlfgfi fi uk gnmrfi pmfi sir Kgb8,
k8, k8o9, 8, 8o< mu kiskm gjhm nmkm 7>#<.
 
Em bgzz, qugjquir gnmrfi pmfi tir sug qugjlfgfi gjtirgfg i g gjtirgèîm kgls
nmkuk ì trgesamrkgr gjhues gnmrfis ik fmklegetis nmk 8ª. Eg prmhrissîm L vl
ll Q, m gnmrfi vl (Hk8 eg prmhrissîm gnlkg) emrkgjkieti lrç sir tmngfm nmkm
uk gnmrfi fmklegeti 8 (H8). Gtì kiskm m gnmrfi L gjhukgs vizis ì trgesamrkg
ik uk fmklegeti 8 pgrg fgr uk iailtm ojuisilrm.
 
Ì kiems nmkuk vir m gnmrfi ll (Nk8) tmngfm ik uk amrkgtm fmklegeti, kgs
iji istç lenjuëfm em ngpëtujm pgrg prçtlng.
 
Gjìk fi sir nmevirtlfm pgrg uk amrkgtm fmklegeti, m gnmrfi vl (H8) ì
emrkgjkieti tmngfm nmkm uk gnmrfi fi H8o<. Issg ì ukg mpmrtuelfgfi
 

pirailtg pgrg usgr g suostltulèîm 8o< "flkleutg" qui vmnâ gpriefiu em ngpëtujm
getirlmr.
 
Ms amrkgtms fi gnmrfis fmklegetis oçslnms pmfik sir tmngfms fg sihuleti
kgeilrg2
 

Issis sîm ms grpibms qui vmnâ prinlsgrç usgr pgrg smjgr eissis gnmrfis ik ukg
pmslèîm. Ijis sîm tmfms grpibms fmklegeti 8, kgs istîm ik emvms amrkgtms pgrg
vmnâ gpriefir.
amrkgtms Gpþsfmklegeti
fi grpibms issi ngpëtujm, vmnâ tirç fmklegfm
8 emrkgjkieti ngfghultgrrg.
utljlzgfms eg uk fmsLssm
nlenm
lrç
kij`mrgr ogstgeti m siu fmkëelm fm orgèm.
 

G >ª fi H8 (O) pmfi sir tmngfg ik fmls juhgris (kgrngfms nmk jmsgehms).
Isnmj`g m kgls açnlj pgrg vmnâ.
 
Nmkm sikpri, ixpjmri ms ngkle`ms ietri issis grpibms ik hrupms piquiems fi
nmrfgs
 
Ixikpjm >g2 (Fugs nmrfgs)
 
 

 
Ixpjmri ngfg hrupm fi fugs nmrfgs nulfgfmsgkieti getis fi pgssgr gms hrupms
fi trâs nmrfgs.
 
Ixikpjm >o2 (Vrâs nmrfgs)
 
 

Ixikpjm >n2 (Wugtrm nmrfgs nmk vgrlgèîm rëtklng)

 

Vieti gflnlmegr gjhukgs emtgs fi gprmxlkgèîm nrmkçtlng pgrg nrlgr vgrlgèùis

kijþflngs.
 
Ixikpjm >f2
 

Ixikpjm >i2
 
 

 
Fipmls fi tir pgssgfm gjhuk tikpm ixpjmrgefm gs pmssloljlfgfis kijþflngs
fissis grpibms ik hrupms fi fugs, trâs i qugtrm nmrfgs i gflnlmegfm m kglmr
eòkirm fi emtgs fi pgssghik qui vmnâ nmesihulu ienmetrgr, slhg pgrg ms grpibms
>-< fi ngfg gnmrfi.
 
Grpibms Istieflfms >-<
 

Ms ixikpjms g sihulr usgk ms amrkgtms >-< ik ngfg gnmrfi, ikomrg iu

rinmkiefi qui vmnâ prgtlqui usgefm uk grpibm >-< ik uk fms gnmrfis i grpibms
7-8 ems trâs ristgetis. Tmr ixikpjm, tmqui em Oo8 m >-< i tmqui ms mutrms trâs
gnmrfis nmk grpibms 7-8. Ghlefm fissg amrkg, vmnâ lrç lsmjgr m smk fm grpibm >-
< smori ngfg gnmrfi i fisievmjvir sius muvlfms i aiijleh.
 
Iu tgkoìk rinmkiefm usgr g prlenëplm gpiegs ms grpibms >-< ems gnmrfis Oo8 i
 

N8 pmrqui ms gnmrfis H8 i A8 sîm emrkgjkieti tmngfms nmk <ª gjtirgfg (# mu o)

qui eþs gomrfgrikms kgls tgrfi.
 
^ikpri nmkini prgtlngefm ik hrupms fi fugs nmrfgs i gms pmunms trmqui ngfg
hrupm gm jmehm fg hultgrrg getis fi utljlzgr hrupms fi grpibms nmk trâs i qugtrm
nmrfgs. Tmfi em
kiems tikpm pgrinir
tmtgj. kgls trgogj`msm, kgs vmnâ gpriefirç gtgj`ms i hgstgrç
 
Ms ixikpjms g sihulr lrîm smgr istrge`ms qugefm tmngfms amrg fm nmetixtm gtì
qui sius muvlfms gpriefgk g muvlr g `grkmelg sik aglxgs fi auefm. Gpriefg
issis trâs ixikpjms oik fivghgr nmk g Aglxg fi Auefm Vrâs pgrg qui vmnâ
pmssg muvlr ngfg ixtiesîm fi <ª.
 
Qmnâ pmfi eîm gosmrvir ngfg smk qui muvlr lkiflgtgkieti, pmrtgetm prgtlqui
pmr gjhuk tikpm. ^i ik gjhukgs sikgegs vmnâ glefg eîm hmstgr fi fitirklegfg
ixtiesîm smori fitirklegfm gnmrfi, jikori-si qui `ç flvirsgs mutrgs
pmssloljlfgfis!
 
Ixikpjm >a2 (Fugs nmrfgs)
 
 

Ixikpjm >h2 (Vrâs nmrfgs)

 

Ixikpjm >`2 (Wugtrm nmrfgs)

 

Ixpjmri issis nmeniltms nulfgfmsgkieti ik hrupms piquiems fi nmrfgs. Tmr

alk, vmnâ pmfirç fisngrtgr gs lfilgs qui eîm hmstgr. Eîm si isquièg fi gflnlmegr
emtgs fi gprmxlkgèîm pgrg amngjlzgr ngfg kufgeèg fi gnmrfi.
 
^uostltulèùis
  8o<
Nmkm kienlmegfm gnlkg, g suostltulèîm >-o< flkleutg ì ukg isnmj`g kgls
nmkuk ems gnmrfis fi A8 i H8.
 
Yk gnmrfi fmklegeti ì gquiji qui si rismjvi ik uk gnmrfi qui istç em
letirvgjm fi 9ª goglxm. Tmr ixikpjm, H8 pgrg N8 ì uk kmvlkietm fmklegeti,
gsslk nmkm N8 pgrg A8 i A8 pgrg Oo8. M kmvlkietm fi Oo8 pgrg H8 eîm ì uk
kmvlkietm fmklegeti pmrqui issis fmls gnmrfis amrkgk uk letirvgjm fi 1ª.
 
Nmk lssm ik kieti, g kglmrlg fms kòslnms eîm usgk ukg suostltulèîm 8o< em
Oo8 pmrqui iji istç kmviefm-si pgrg m H8, kgs ì ukg suostltulèîm ogstgeti òtlj
 

tgetm ems gnmrfi H8 qugetm A8.

Nmkm fisnmorlkms, tmngr m gnmrfi fmklegeti 8 ì quistîm fi hmstm, kgs lssm ems
pirklti usgr g suostltulèîm 8o< ik uk gnmrfi ll qui emrkgjkieti sirlg kiemr.
Kgls ukg viz, iu rinmkiefm qui vmnâ nmkini sijinlmegefm gpiegs ukg
suostltulèîm 8o< pgrg usgr pmr viz. Vieti nmkiègr usgefm gpiegs g suostltulèîm
H8o< i tmqui ms grpibms 7-8 ems mutrms gnmrfis. @ç kultgs trmngs pmssëvils, pmr
lssm mrhgelzi oik sius trilems.
 
Em ixikpjm sihuleti, nmkolei grpibms 7-8, >-< i >-o<, ikomrg iu suhlrg qui
vmnâ nmkini suostltulefm gpiegs uk gnmrfi pmr viz.
 
Ixikpjm >l2
 

Ixikpjm >b2
 
 

 
Ixikpjm >c2
 

@ç kultm g si gpriefir nmk issis grpibms. Issi prmnissm pmfi ti tmkgr gjhukgs
sikgegs, kgs g letiregjlzgèîm fissis nmeniltms vgji g pieg. Qgrlgèùis L QL LL Q
sîm emrkgjkieti smoripmstgs ik mutrgs prmhrissùis fi gnmrfis kgls istçtlngs i
sîm ukg þtlkg amrkg fi nmesihulr uk smk flairieti fi ukg `grkmelg slkpjis.
 
M kmvlkietm fi N8 pgrg A8 ì ariquieti em bgzz, gsslk nmkm m Oo8 pgrg H8.
Tmrtgetm, gm trilegr ogstgeti issgs vgrlgèùis, vmnâ istgrç oik pripgrgfm pgrg
flvirsgs sltugèùis. Eîm si isquièg fi fgr ogstgeti ispgèm i fi si jikorgr qui
siu mobitlvm prlenlpgj ì tmngr jle`gs kijþflngs oik fisievmjvlfgs.
 
Qmnâ sikpri fivi sipgrgr pgrti fm siu tikpm fi istufm pgrg slkpjiskieti tmngr
hultgrrg i agzir kòslng usgefm issis nmeniltms. Isquièg ms rltkms nmestgetis i
tieti nrlgr ukg oijg jle`g kijþflng qui tmqui gs emtgs nmrritgs fms gnmrfis.
 
Ms ixikpjms kijþflnms g sihulr pmfik ti gbufgr g nmkiègr.
 
Ixikpjm
  >j2
 

 
Ixikpjm >k2
 

Mutrgs Wugjlfgfis fi Gnmrfis ik Trmhrissùis L QL LL Q

 
Vmfms ms ixikpjms eissi ngpëtujm amrgk ogsigfms ik ukg siquâenlg fi gnmrfis
qui tâk gpiegs  gnmrfis ik amrkgtm fmklegeti 8. G virfgfi ì qui vmnâ
hirgjkieti virç ukg nmkolegèîm fgs lfilgs fissi ngpëtujm nmk gs fm ngpëtujm
fmls.
 

Istg ì prmvgvijkieti g kgeilrg kgls usugj fi si tmngr issg prmhrissîm2

 

G töelng Kgb8 i gs 8ª fmklegetis fms gnmrfis QL i Q nrlgk kultms kmvlkietms

fi tmes hulgs (vmlni jigfleh) ietri ms grpibms.

Issg siquâenlg fivi sir g prþxlkg itgpg em siu istufm. Ysi tmfms ms nmeniltms
fms trâs ngpëtujms getirlmris eissg emvg prmhrissîm.

Ms grpibms pgrg issi ngpëtujm tgkoìk pmfik sir tmngfms eg sihuleti pmslèîm eg
hultgrrg.

Grpibms 7-8 i Gnmrfis2

 

Grpibms >-<
 

Grpibms
  >-<
 

 
 

Ngpëtujm Wugtrm2 L (ll Q8 L) l

 

Issg prmhrissîm pmfi sir muvlfg eg Aglxg fi Auefm Wugtrm.

 
Vmegjlfgfi2 Oo Kglmr kmviefm-si pgrg Io Kglmr (fipmls, pmsslvijkieti m Fo
Kglmr em nmkpgssm qugtrm).
 
G siquâenlg
issienlgls ik fi
uk gnmrfis kmstrgfgMseissi
òelnm ixirnënlm. ngpëtujm nmkpgssms
trâs prlkilrms nmkoleg fugs
pmfikprmhrissùis
sir vlstms
nmkm ukg kufgeèg fi tmegjlfgfi (kmfujgèîm) fi Oo pgrg Io Kglmr mu
slkpjiskieti nmkm uk kmvlkietm fm gnmrfi L pgrg m LQ. ^i vmnâ bç tmnmu
ojuis, vmnâ bç sgoi m qugetm ì lkpmrtgeti g prmhrissîm fi gnmrfi L-LQ. Em Ojuis,
ietritgetm, ms gnmrfis L i LQ sîm emrkgjkieti tmngfms nmkm gnmrfis fmklegeti
8. Issg siquâenlg ì istufgfg em ngpëtujm siti.
 
Eg prmhrissîm gnlkg, ms gnmrfis L i LQ (Oo i Io) sîm tmngfms nmkm gnmrfis
Kglmr 8 (fg amrkg flgtmelngkieti "nmrritg" eg tmegjlfgfi fi Oo). @ç,
ietritgetm, ukg kmfujgèîm gnmetiniefm em nmkpgssm fmls qui ì kmstrgfg pmr
fmls gnmrfis amrg fg tmegjlfgfi.
 
Eg tmegjlfgfi fi Oo kglmr, eþs ispirgrëgkms qui m gnmrfi Q (A) amssi tmngfm
nmkm nmkm uk fmklegeti 8, kgs gqul iji ì tmngfm nmkm uk gnmrfi k8. M
gnmrfi g sihulr ì Oo8 qui si rismjvi ik IoKgb8. ^i vmnâ lsmjgr ms nmkpgssms
fmls i trâs, vmnâ pmfi vir qui m gnmrfi Ak8 ì m gnmrfi ll eg tmegjlfgfi fi Io i m
gnmrfi Oo8 ì m gnmrfi Q eg tmegjlfgfi fi Io.
 
Ms prlkilrms fmls nmkpgssms fissg prmhrissîm tâk fmls gnmrfi "Oo". M prlkilrm
Oo ì tmngfm nmkm Kgb8 i m sihuefm ì tmngfm nmkm uk fmklegeti 8. Qir fmls
gnmrfis nmk g kiskg töelng, kgs qugjlfgfis flairietis ì uk slegj njgrm fi qui
g kòslng istç kufgefm tikpmrgrlgkieti fi tmegjlfgfi. M gnmrfi töelng (l)
 

(OoKgb8) si tmreg m Q8 (Oo8) eg emvg tmegjlfgfi Io Kglmr.

 
Ysgr gkoms ms grpibms OoKgb8 i Oo8 pmfi sir uk fisgalm pgrg quik istç
lkprmvlsgefm, pmr lssm g prçtlng ì lkpmrtgeti. Issi tlpm fi kmfujgèîm, mefi m
gnmrfi töelng mrlhlegj si tmreg uk gnmrfi fmklegeti "plvmt" ì ogstgeti nmkuk
em
  bgzz i pmp. Ijg gpgrini ik2
-  ^gtle Fmjj
-  N`irmcii
-  Bmy ^prleh
-  @gvi \mu
\mu Kit Klss Bmeis=
-  V`iri Xljj Eivir Oi Gemt`ir \mu
\mu
 
Em nmkpgssm qugtrm, m emvm gnmrfi töelng (IoKgb8) si tmreg uk Iok8. Kgls
ukg viz, issi tlpm fi kmvlkietm gnmetini ariquietikieti em bgzz. ^i issg
siquâenlg amssi nmetleugr, m gnmrfi fi Iok8 prmvgvijkieti si tmregrlg m emvm
gnmrfi ll ik uk ll Q L Kglmr eg tmegjlfgfi fi Fo Kglmr (Iok8 - Go8 -
FoKgb8).
 
Ykg kòslng agetçstlng pgrg prgtlngr issi tlpm fi kufgeèg fi Kglmr pgrg kiemr
ì g aglxg ^mjgr, fi Kljis Fgvls. Issi kmvlkietm tgkoìk gnmetini ik kòslngs
nmkm2
 
-  Kmmsi t`i Kmmn`i
-  Gjj ma Ki
-  Gjj t`i V`lehs \mu Gri
 
  - V`iri Xljj Eivir Oi Gemt`ir \mu
\mu
Ms amrkgtms fissg siquâenlg pmfik sir tmngfms gsslk2
 

Ms grpibms 7-8 pgrg ngfg uk fissis gnmrfis pmfik sir tmngfms gsslk2
 

Mutrm fisgalm eissg prmhrissîm fi gnmrfis ì qui ghmrg eþs tikms fmls gnmrfis
ik uk kiskm nmkpgssm.
Emrkgjkieti, ispinlgjkieti ik tikpms rçplfms, ms lkprmvlsgfmris
slkpjiskieti lhemrgk m gnmrfi ll (Ak8) i amngk em usm fi isngjgs i grpibms qui
sîm ogsigfms em gnmrfi fmklegeti (Oo8). Gpisgr flssm, qugjquir omk
lkprmvlsgfmr levisti tikpm prgtlngefm g grtlnujgèîm fms gnmrfis ll i Q em
kiskm nmkpgssm, i si isnmj`ik lhemrgr m gnmrfi ll, ì sikpri ukg isnmj`g
nmesnlieti.
Gpriefg ms grpibms usgefm m kìtmfm fm ngpëtujm uk i, gsslk qui istlvir prmetm,
ripltg-m pgrg ngfg kufgeèg ik hrupms fi fugs, trâs i qugtrm nmrfgs. ^i priairlr
lsmji m nmkpgssm fmls i trgogj`i eiji sipgrgfgkieti pmr ngusg fgs kufgeègs
rçplfgs.
Ixikpjm 6g2 (Fugs nmrfgs)
 

M qui vmnâ prmvgvijkieti muvlrç lkiflgtgkieti ì qui usgr m grpibm fi Oo8

smori m gnmrfi Oo8 em nmkpgssm fmls eîm rigjèg m sualnlieti g kufgeèg ietri m
OoKgb8 i m Oo8. Lssm pmrqui `ç gpiegs ukg emtg fi flairieèg ietri ms gnmrfis
fi Oo8 i OoKgb8.
 
M lfigjsmjm.
emssm eissi kmkietm
Tmrtgetm, ì riajitlr
kle`g suhistîmissg
ì mlkpmrtgeti kufgeèg
usm lkiflgtm fi tmegjlfgfi
fg suostltulèîm ik
Oo8 >-o<
 

smori m gnmrfi fi Oo8.

Ms ixikpjms g sihulr usgk uk grpibm fi Fflk8 smori ngfg gnmrfi Oo8 pgrg
nrlgr g tiesîm fi uk Oo8o<.
 

Ixikpjm 6o2 (Vrâs nmrfgs)

 

Ixikpjm 6n2 (Wugtrm nmrfgs nmk nmjn`ilgs)

 

Gm nmkiègr g fmklegr gs vgrlgèùis, prgtlqui g n`ihgfg gms tmes hulgs fm gnmrfi

usgefm emtgs fi gprmxlkgèîm nrmkçtlng.
 

Ixikpjm 6f2
 

Ixikpjm 6i2
 

Grpibms Istieflfms >-<

 
Ysgr ms grpibms >-< smori issg prmhrissîm nrlg gjhukgs mpmrtuelfgfis fi vmlni
jigfleh letirissgetis.
 
Wugefm nrlgkms uk grpibm istieflfm >-<, eþs istgkms nmestrulefm uk emvm
grpibm g pgrtlr fg >ª fm gnmrfi mrlhlegj. Lssm hirg m iailtm fi mkltlr g töelng fm
gnmrfi mrlhlegj i trmnç-jg nmk g <ª.
 
 

 
Gpisgr fms ixikpjms g sihulr nmkolegrik jlvrikieti tmfms issis grpibms >-<,
iu gnmesij`m qui vmnâ nmkini usgefm gpiegs uk grpibm >-< fi ngfg viz furgeti
sius trilems. Issgs suostltulèùis surhik m tikpm letilrm ik smjms fi bgzz i
fmklegr gpiegs ukg suostltulèîm ti mairini ukg hgkg iemrki fi mpmrtuelfgfis
fi
  smjm.
Qç fivghgr, fi amrkg nulfgfmsg i kitþflng. Nmkini trmngefm gpiegs uk gnmrfi
pijg ixtiesîm >-<, i gm hge`gr nmealgeèg, nmkini g usgr fugs mu kgls
suostltulèùis. Qmnâ lrç rgplfgkieti ienmetrgr uk kuefm emvm fi mpmrtuelfgfis
kijþflngs.
 
 

Ixikpjm 6a2 (^ikëelkg)

 

Ixikpjm 6h2 (Lesirlefm nmjn`ilgs)

 

Ixikpjm 6`2 (Lesirlefm nrmkçtlngs)

 

Tmr alk, filxi gjhuk ispgèm i piesi kgls smori qugefm vmnâ quir usgr gs emtgs
fg sug kijmflg.
 
 

Ixikpjm 6l2
 

Ixikpjm 6b2
 

@ç kultms ixirnënlms ixtrgs em ngpëtujm qulezi qui vmnâ pmfi usgr pgrg gbufç-jm
g fmklegr tmfgs gs vgrlgèùis eissi jlvrm.
 
Wugefm vmnâ alngr kgls nmealgeti egs kufgeègs fi gnmrfis eissg pmslèîm fm
orgèm, tieti pgrtlr pgrg ukg emvg çrig usgefm ms flghrgkgs g sihulr2
 
 

Ngpëtujm Nlenm2 L (l Q L)
 

Issg prmhrissîm pmfi sir muvlfg eg Aglxg fi Auefm Nlenm.

 
Vmegjlfgfi2 Ms trâs nmkpgssms alegls sîm ik Go Kglmr.
 
Isngjg Kgtrlz2 Nmkpgssm uk2 Oo Kglmr 8 nmkpgssm fmls gtì qugtrm2 GoKgb8.
 Issg
Issg prmhrissîm tik kultm ik nmkuk nmk g fm ngpëtujm getirlmr. Yk gnmrfi
Kgb8 (OoKgb8) si tmreg uk gnmrfi k8 (Ook8), qui pgssg g sir m prlkilrm
gnmrfi fi ukg prmhrissîm ll Q L kglmr ik ukg emvg tmegjlfgfi. Em ngpëtujm
qugtrm, irg m gnmrfi LQ qui si tmregvg uk gnmrfi kiemr, eissi ngpëtujm ì m
gnmrfi L.
 
Issi tlpm fi kmvlkietm fi gnmrfis ì ixtrikgkieti nmkuk em bgzz i ukg amrkg
òtlj fi kmfujgr pgrg ukg emvg tmegjlfgfi.
 
M kmvlkietm Kglmr pgrg kiemr gnmetini ik kultgs kòslngs fi bgzz, nmkm2
 
-  @mw @lh` t`i Kmme
-  Vuei Yp
-  N`irmcii
-  Mei Emti ^gkog
-  ^mjgr
 
Nmkm bç istufgkms ms trâs òjtlkms nmkpgssms fissg prmhrissîm em ngpëtujm uk
(ikomrg eg tmegjlfgfi fi Oo Kglmr), eþs vgkms gprmviltgr pgrg lesirlr ukg emtg
suostltulèîm gjtirgfg em gnmrfi fmklegeti (Io8).
 
Nmkini usgefm ms amrkgtms fi gnmrfis g sihulr pgrg tmngr issg prmhrissîm2
 

 
 

Ms grpibms 7-8 g sihulr pmfik sir usgfms pgrg smjgr smori g siquâenlg fi
gnmrfis eissg pmslèîm. Istufi-ms nmk galenm usgefm ms kìtmfms fisnrltms em
ngpëtujm uk. Nmkm vmnâ bç usmu issgs pmslèùis fi gnmrfis ems ngpëtujms uk i
fmls, ijgs bç fivik sir oik agkljlgris.
 Levlstg siu tikpm gpriefiefm g kufgeèg ietri OoKgb8 i Ook8.
 

Nmkini gpriefiefm ms kmvlkietms fi emtgs fm gnmrfi ik piquiems hrupms fi

nmrfgs, kgs nmkm vmnâ bç istufmu issg pmslèîm getis „ i bç qui m gnmrfi Ook8 ì
g òelng gflèîm „, vmnâ pmfi gn`gr kgls açnlj nmkiègr nmk uk hrupm kglmr fi
nmrfgs.
 
Vieti tmngr issis ixikpjms smori g Aglxg fi Auefm Nlenm, gsslk qui pmssëvij,
pgrg muvlr nmkm ijis auenlmegk.
 
Ixikpjm 9g2 (Wugtrm nmrfgs)
 

Ixikpjm 9o2 (Wugtrm nmrfgs nmk nrmkçtlngs)

 
 

Ixikpjm 9n2 (Wugtrm nmrfgs nmk nrmkçtlngs)

 

Tgrg slkpjlalngr siu trilem, tieti ienmetrgr g kglmr qugetlfgfi fi ngkle`ms pgrg
si kmvir ietri m OoKgb8 i m Ook8. Qmnâ pmfi trgogj`gr eissis gnmrfis
sipgrgfgkieti.
 
Fipmls, tietivmnâ
grpibms qui usgrprinlsg.
ms grpibms >-< smori issg siquâenlg. Istis sîm ms amrkgtms fi
 

Vie`g nulfgfm. Vgetm m OoKgb8 qugetm m Ook8 tâk g kiskg <ª (N). Qmnâ pmfi
quirir usgr m grpibm >-< ik gpiegs uk pgrg lesirlr ukg emtg gjvm gflnlmegj ietri
ms gnmrfis.
 
Iu rinmkiefgrlg nmkiègr nmk uk grpibm 7-8 em OoKgb8 i uk grpibm o>-< em
Ook8 pmrqui fi mutrm kmfm ms trâs gnmrfis tirlgk tmfms g emtg Oo. Qmnâ pmfi
usgr m Io8 (>-<) mu Io8 (>-o<). Tissmgjkieti, iu nmkiègrlg nmk m grpibm
istieflfm >-o<.
 
Ixikpjm 9f2 (Wugtrm nmrfgs)
 
 

Ixikpjm 9i2 (Nmk nmjn`ilgs)

 

Ixikpjm 9a2 (Nmjn`ilgs nmk emtgs fi gprmxlkgèîm nrmkçtlng)

 

Ixpjmri tmfgs gs nmkolegèùis fissis grpibms qui pufir.

 

G suostltulèîm k8o9 Fmklegeti

Nmkm smjgr eissg prmhrissîm bç ì ogstgeti agkljlgr fipmls fm ngpëtujm uk, ì ukg
omg `mrg pgrg letrmfuzlr ukg emvg suostltulèîm em gnmrfi fmklegeti.
 
Eþs tmngrikms uk grpibm k8o9 (sìtlkg kiemr nmk quletg oikmj) em o8 fm
gnmrfi fmklegeti.
 
M gnmrfi fmklegeti eissg prmhrissîm ì Io8. M o8 fi Io ì Fo, pmrtgetm eþs
tmngrikms Fok8o9 smori Io8.
 
Istg tgoijg kmstrg ms letirvgjms qui sîm nmestruëfms tmngefm-si uk grpibm k8o9
em o8 fm gnmrfi fmklegeti.
 
Gnmrfi/Grpibm
Io8 Io H Oo Fo
Fok8o9 Fo Ao Go No (O)
(I) (H)
Letirvgjms tmngfms 7 > 9 o8 o< > #9
nmetrg g töelng (Io8)
 
 

Wugefm eþs tmngkms uk grpibm k8o9 em hrgu o8 fm Io8, ms letirvgjms tmngfms

nmetrg g töelng (Io) sîm o8, o<, >, #9.
 
_ivlsi m ngpëtujm fmls pgrg riarisngr sug kikþrlg fg suostltulèîm flk8. Ms
letirvgjms
Issg emvg tmngfms nmetrg
suostltulèîm g töelng
k8o9 nmkgpiegs
letrmfuz gquijg ukg
suostltulèîm sirlgk pgrg
emvg ixtiesîm >, 9,mo8 i o<.
gnmrfi,
m #9. Ikomrg gpiegs ukg emtg sibg flairieti fg suostltulèîm flkleutg 8, g
ixtiesîm #9 nrlg uk njlkg oik flairieti eg sug kijmflg.
 
Tgrg tmngr m grpibm k8o9 em o8 fm gnmrfi Io8 eissg pmslèîm, vmnâ pmfi usgr ms
sihuletis amrkgtms2
 

Tmr iequgetm, lhemri gs emtgs eg nmrfg fm oglxm i nmkini prgtlngefm eg quletg

nmrfg. Qmnâ vgl gn`gr m grpibm kgls açnlj fi tmngr i fmklegr. Hrgvi uk jmmp siu
tmngefm uk gnmrfi Io8 i tmqui m grpibm suostltutm Fok8o9.
 
Qmnâ muvlrç gs tiesùis gjtirgfgs (m #9 i o<) smorissgërik i ijgs pmfik smgr
istrge`gs eissi nmetixtm, kgs ijgs auenlmegk kultm oik qugefm sîm rismjvlfgs
nmrritgkieti. Lssm ì kmstrgfm ems sihuletis ixikpjms.
 
Ixikpjm 9h2
 
 

 
 

Ixikpjm 9`2
 

Ixikpjm 9l2
 

Lesirlr ukg emvg suostltulèîm pmfi jivgr ogstgeti tikpm i prçtlng nulfgfms. Eîm
si trgtg gpiegs fi sgoir m amrkgtm fm grpibm, vmnâ prinlsg gpriefir g muvlr  m
iailtm fgs emvgs gjtirgèùis fm gnmrfi i tgkoìk gpriefir nmkm nmetrmjgr
(rismjvir)
  issis gnmrfis.
Jikori-si, eîm `ç prissg pgrg prmhriflr, slkpjiskieti tieti jietgkieti
lenmrpmrgr m emvm smk gm siu vmngoujçrlm.
 
Ms ixikpjms g sihulr nmkolegk tmfms ms ijikietms eissi ngpëtujm ik argsis
kijþflngs rigls.
 
Ixikpjm 9b2
 
 

 
 

Ixikpjm 9c2
 

Vieti usgr issg prmhrissîm fi gnmrfis ik ukg emvg pmslèîm fm orgèm qugefm
vmnâ istlvir kgls nmealgeti.
 
 

Ngpëtujm ^ils2 L LL8 llk8 Q

 

Issg prmhrissîm pmfi sir muvlfg eg Aglxg fi Auefm ^ils.

 
Vmegjlfgfi2 Oo Kglmr nmk uk gnmrfi fmklegeti LL.
 
Isngjg Kgtrlz2 Oo Kglmr ems nmkpgssms trâs, qugtrm i uk. Ysi m N Klxmjëflm
em
  nmkpgssm fmls.
G prmhrissîm fissi ngpëtujm surhi fi amrkg surpriiefikieti nmkuk i tik uk
njlkg pgrtlnujgr. Ijg emrkgjkieti mnmrri eg kòslng Jgtleg, ispinlgjkieti eg
morg fi Getöelm Ngrjms Bmolk.

Issg siquâenlg fi gnmrfis, qugefm vlstg g pgrtlr fm nmkpgssm trâs ik flgeti,

amrkg uk ll Q L ik Oo Kglmr, ikomrg, em nmkpgssm fmls, `gbg ukg virsîm
fmklegeti fm gnmrfi llk8.
 
Issg siquâenlg mnmrri ik kultgs kòslngs, nmkm2
 
-  Vgci t`i 'G' Vrgle
-  Fmeeg Jii
-  Hgrmtg fi Lpgeikg SV`i Hlrj armk Lpgeikg[
-  Fisgalegfm
-  Kmmf Leflhm
 
Nmkm 89% fissg prmhrissîm bç ì ogstgeti agkljlgr pgrg vmnâ, issi ngpëtujm sirç
usgfm pgrg letrmfuzlr uk hrupm ispinëalnm fi suostltulèùis fi gnmrfis
letirissgetis ik viz fi usgr g gomrfghik getirlmr.
 
Ms gnmrfis i grpibms 7-8 sîm kmstrgfms goglxm i vmnâ fivi fmkleç-jms getis fi
 

tietgr gs emvgs suostltulèùis fissi ngpëtujm. Qmnâ bç nme`ini m prmnissm, ietîm

trilei kitmflngkieti issis pgssms ieslegfms ems nlenm ngpëtujms getirlmris.
 
Ms amrkgtms fissg siquâenlg pmfik sir tmngfms gsslk2
 

Ms grpibms 7-8 pgrg issis amrkgtms fi gnmrfis sîm2

 

Kikmrlzi issis grpibms getis fi gpjlnç-jms g piquiems hrupms fi nmrfgs smori g

aglxg fi auefm. Qmnâ pmfi amngr eg kufgeèg fi OoKgb8 pgrg N8, bç qui issis
sîm ms smes emvms.
 
Vrgogj`i nmk issis amrkgtms gtì qui vmnâ istibg tmngefm nmeamrtgvijkieti
jle`gs ik sikëelkg smori g Aglxg fi Auefm ^ils i leslrg gjhukgs nmjn`ilgs i
emtgs fi pgssghik nrmkçtlng.
 
Nmkm g kglmr pgrti fg prmhrissîm eissi ngpëtujm vmnâ bç nme`ini, vmnâ pmfi
usgr issg mpmrtuelfgfi pgrg lesirlr ukg emvg siquâenlg fi grpibms istieflfms
qui sîm emrkgjkieti tmngfms smori ukg siquâenlg fi gnmrfis ll Q L.
 
Em ristm fissi ngpëtujm, grpibms >-< sirîm usgfms pgrg smjgr smori ngfg gnmrfi eg
prmhrissîm, ixnitm m gnmrfi fmklegeti (A8). Em A8, eþs usgrikms g suostltulèîm
"k8o9 em o8" fm ngpëtujm nlenm.
 
Issis grpibms sîm2
 

Wugefm nrlgkms uk grpibm istieflfm >-<, eþs istgkms eg virfgfi nmestrulefm

uk emvm grpibm g pgrtlr fg >ª fm gnmrfi mrlhlegj. Tmr ixikpjm, em ngpëtujm uk,
eg pçhleg
emtgs fi ukfizissiti,
grpibm fiiu kmstrm qui m grpibm istieflfm >-< fi OoKgb8 tik gs
Fk8.
 

 
Iu gflnlmeil ms emkis fms emvms grpibms suostltutms ietri pgrâetisis ik ngfg
flghrgkg gnlkg. Jikori-si qui eþs istgkms tmngefm g "suostltulèîm o8 k8o9"
em gnmrfi A8. M o8 fi A ì Io, pmrtgetm m grpibm usgfm ì Iok8o9.
 
Ems ixikpjms g sihulr, eþs vgkms piesgr gpiegs em grpibm suostltutm siefm
tmngfm ik ngfg gnmrfi. Bm`e Nmjtrgei nmstukgvg agzir lssm i iji isnrivlg ngfg
isnmj`g fi suostltulèîm smori m flghrgkg fi gnmrfi mrlhlegj. Ik mutrgs pgjgvrgs,
iji eîm istgvg piesgefm egs prmhrissùis eg kòslng, iji istgvg piesgefm ik uk
hrupm flairieti fi grpibms qui pmfik sir tmngfms ik viz fm mrlhlegj.
 
M flghrgkg g sihulr kmstrg g siquâenlg fi gnmrfis nmk tmfgs gs suostltulèùis
isnrltgs ietri pgrâetisis gnlkg fms gnmrfis.
 

Nmk lssm ik kieti, ghmrg vgkms ixpjmrgr gs suostltulèùis fi grpibms pgrg issg
siquâenlg fi gnmrfis.
 
Ms gnmrfis mrlhlegls sîm tmngfms smori g aglxg fi auefm, kgs eþs tmngrikms ms
grpibms suostltutms ietri pgrâetisis.
 
Ixikpjm
  1g2
 

Ixikpjm 1o2
 
 

Ixikpjm 1n2
 

Ixpgefg i istufi issgs lfilgs m kçxlkm pmssëvij.

Issgs suostltulèùis alngk rigjkieti letirissgetis qugefm sîm tmngfgs nmkm

siquâenlgs  egs trâs nmrfgs ghufgs. Gs jle`gs g sihulr sîm tëplngs fissi tlpm fi
gomrfghik.
 
Ixikpjm 1f2
 

Ixikpjm 1i2
 
 

Eîm si isquièg fi trilegr pgrg filxgr ispgèm i nmestrulr kijmflgs nmk ngfg
nmeniltm gprieflfm. Ykg kgeilrg slkpjis fi agzir lssm ì kmstrgfg gqul.
 
Ixikpjm 1a2
 

Issg siquâenlg fi suostltulèùis ì ixtrikgkieti lkpmrtgeti i ì emrkgjkieti

usgfg pmr hrgefis lkprmvlsgfmris pgrg si kmvirik egs prmhrissùis ll Q L i L QL
ll Q.
 
Vie`g nirtizg fi qui vmnâ ietiefiu oik m nmeniltm fi "tmngr gs suostltulèùis".
G lfilg ì tmngr ms grpibms suostltutms ik viz fgs prmhrissùis mrlhlegls. Njgrm, ì
issienlgj qui vmnâ nme`ièg qugls prmhrissùis istîm siefm tmngfgs, kgs gm
piesgr egs suostltulèùis vmnâ pmfi ixinutgr lfilgs kijþflngs i tmngr fi amrkg
nmealgeti.

Ysi gs suostltulèùis eissi ngpëtujm ik mutrgs tmegjlfgfis. Mutrg omg prmhrissîm

prg usgr issg gomrfghik ì g sihuleti2
 

G suostltulèîm "k8o9 em o8" pmfi sir usgfg em gnmrfi H8o< nmk m kiskm
amrkgtm fi grpibm fi Iok8o9, kmstrgfm eissi ngpëtujm. Gpiegs kmvg m amrkgtm
letilrm pmr uk tmk pgrg gjngeègr m Ak8o9.
Qibg uk ixikpjm.
 
 

Ixikpjm 1h2
 
 

Ngpëtujm ^iti2 L8 LQ8 Q8 LQ8

 

Issg prmhrissîm pmfi sir muvlfg eg Aglxg fi Auefm ^iti.

 
Qmnâ pmfi piesgr eissg siquâenlg nmkm uk ojuis fi 7? nmkpgssms "fistljgfm".
Issi ngpëtujm istufg nmkm jlhgr ms grpibms egs emtgs kgls amrtis eg prmhrissîm
fm ojuis.
 Vmegjlfgfi2 Ogsigfg ems gnmrfis L, LQ i Q fi Oo Kglmr. Vmfms ms gnmrfis sîm
trgesamrkgfms ik amrkgtms fmklegeti 8.
 
Isngjg Kgtrlz2  G prlkilrg isnmj`g fi gomrfghik pmr isngjg sirlg usgr m
Klxmjëflm smori ngfg gnmrfi, pmr ixikpjm, Oo klxmjëflm, Io klxmjëflm i A
klxmjëflm.
 
Kòslngs pmpujgris fi bgzz ojuis2
 
-  Oljjli“s Omueni
-  N Bgk Ojuis
-  Gu Trlvgvi
-  ^trglh`t Em N`gsir
 
M ojuis fi 7? nmkpgssms ì ukg fgs amrkgs kgls pmpujgris tmngfgs em bgzz i,
ikomrg ms kòslnms fi bgzz emrkgjkieti gflnlmeik gjhukgs vgrlgèùis
nmkpjixgs i gjtirgèùis eg amrkg oçslng, em auefm fi tmfgs issgs prmhrissîm istç
g kiskg siquâenlg trgflnlmegj qui vmnâ prmvgvijkieti bç nme`ini oik2
 
 

 
G gjtirgèîm kgls nmkuk eissg prmhrissîm ì g gflèîm fi uk turegrmuef "L QL ll
Q" ems nmkpgssms alegls. Ikomrg `gbg kultgs mutrgs vgrlgèùis qui sirîm
istufgfgs ems ngpëtujms alegls. G prmhrissîm fi  bgzz fi 7? nmkpgssms nmkpjitg
nmstukg sir ukg vgrlgèîm fm sihuleti2
 

Eissi ngpëtujm, eþs istufgkms ms trâs gnmrfis qui amrkgk m "gutâetlnm" ojuis fi
7? nmkpgssms, bç qui issis gnmrfis sîm gs sikietis fi mefi ormtgk tmfgs gs
mutrgs prmhrissùis.
 
Ms amrkgtms fi gnmrfis oçslnms pmfik sir tmngfms gsslk2
 
 

Issis sîm ms grpibms qui vmnâ prinlsgrç usgr pgrg smjgr eissis gnmrfis ik ukg
pmslèîm2
 

Nmkini gpriefiefm g jlhgr issis grpibms ik piquiegs çrigs fm orgèm. Gms

pmunms, prgtlqui eg hultgrrg usgefm hrupms fi fugs, trâs i qugtrm nmrfgs.
 
M grpibm fi Io8 ì g òelng amrkg emvg g gpriefir.
 

Ixikpjm 8g2 (Vrâs nmrfgs)

 

Ixikpjm 8o2 (Wugtrm nmrfgs)

 

Ixikpjm 8n2 (Wugtrm nmrfgs nmk vgrlgèîm rëtklng)

 

Fipmls, amqui ems tmes hulgs fms gnmrfis em tikpm usgefm emtgs fi
gprmxlkgèîm nrmkçtlng i emtgs fg isngjg.
 
 

Ixikpjm 8f2
 

Ixikpjm 8i2
 

Grpibms >-<
 
Nmkm vmnâ bç istufmu ms grpibms >-< tgetm pgrg m O8 qugetm pgrg m A8 eissg
pmslèîm, gpjlngr issis grpibms gqul fivi sir rijgtlvgkieti slkpjis. G kglmr pgrti
fissi gssuetm aml gomrfgfg, pmrtgetm ik viz fi fgr ixikpjms fms grpibms >-<, iu
vmu filxgr vmnâ ixpjmrgr pmr nmetg prþprlg. Issi tlpm fi prçtlng leflvlfugj ì
kultm oieìalng. Tgrg riairâenlg, ms amrkgtms fi grpibms qui vmnâ prinlsg sîm2
 
 

 
^uostltulèùis 8o<
 
Em kmvlkietm fi Oo8 pgrg Io8, m gnmrfi Oo8 istç gtugefm nmkm uk gnmrfi
fmklegeti fm Io8 i amrkg ukg rijgèîm auenlmegj Q-L.
 
Tmfi pgrinir istrge`m usgr ukg suostltulèîm 8o< pmr tmfm m nmkpgssm fm Oo8 „ 
ç qui iji ì g töelng fg prmhrissîm „, kgs usgefm-m pmr uk pirëmfm nurtm ik
flrièîm gm alk fm nmkpgssm fi Oo8, eþs pmfikms nrlgr ukg tiesîm letirissgeti
qui si rismjvi jlefgkieti em Io8.
 
Nmkm sikpri, `ç kultgs mutrgs suostltulèùis qui pmfik sir usgfgs eissi pmetm,
kgs g suostltulèîm 8o< flkleutg ì ukg amrkg açnlj fi lesirlr tiesîm i riquleti
kijþflnm. G suostltulèîm O8o< (grpibm Fflk8) pmfi sir tmngfg gsslk2
 

Gs jle`gs g sihulr usgk nmjn`ilgs em Oo8 i kmstrgk m usm fi ukg suostltulèîm

flk8 em alk fm nmkpgssm.
 
Ixikpjm
  8a2

Ixikpjm 8h2
 
 

 
Gpiegs ukg emtg kufg ietri m grpibm fi Oo8 i m fi F flkleutg 8, kgs gquijg
tiesîm ixtrg hirg ogstgeti rlquizg em smk.
 
^uostltulèùis fmklegetis sîm emrkgjkieti gpjlngfgs em nmkpgssm qugtr m fi uk
qu gtrm
gzz ojuis getis fm gnmrfi L lr pgrg m gnmrfi LQ. Viefm uk nmkpgssm letilrm pgrg
tmngr, vmnâ pmfi sir ogstgeti nrlgtlvm nmk gs suostltulèùis. Tgrg kgls lfilgs, vibg
em ngpëtujm fmzi gs lfilgs smori trëtmem.
 

Ms ixikpjms g sihulr tâk kultgs lfilgs fi grpibms nmkm 7-8, >-< i >-o<. Ijis
tgkoìk usgk emtgs fi gprmxlkgèîm nrmkçtlng pgrg amngr gs emtgs fi kufgeèg
ietri grpibms.
 
Ixikpjm 8`2
 

Ixikpjm 8l2
 

Visti gs lfilgs fissi ngpëtujm eg sihuleti pmslèîm fm orgèm2

 

Tgrg kglmris leamrkgèùis i gujgs fitgj`gfgs smori prmhrissùis fi bgzz ojuis,

vibg m kiu jlvrm Bgzz Ojuis ^mjmleh amr Hultgr.
 

Ngpëtujm Mltm2 ll Q L Kiemr

 

Issg prmhrissîm pmfi sir muvlfg eg Aglxg fi Auefm Mltm.

 
Vmegjlfgfi2 Oo kiemr (emrkgjkieti vlstg nmkm @grköelng kiemr, kgs pmfi
sir iexirhgfg nmkm Kijþflng kiemr)
 
Isngjg
Egt < emKgtrlz2
llk8o9.  Oo @grköelng kiemr, kgs ì emrkgj tmngr m Jþnrlm mu Jþnrlm
 
G prmhrissîm kiemr ll Q l ì ixtrikgkieti usugj i gnmetini ik kultgs kòslngs.
Ijg auenlmeg nmkm uk ‚pmetm alegj‛ kuslngj, gsslk nmkm m ll Q L Kglmr.
 
G timrlg rijgnlmegfg g nmestruèîm fm ll Q L kiemr ì uk pmunm kgls nmkpjixg
qui g fm rijgtlvm Kglmr, pmr lssm eþs sþ amngrikms ems gnmrfis eg prçtlng, pmr
iequgetm, ik viz fgs mrlhies.
 
Tgrg leamrkgèùis i istufm kgls gprmauefgfm fm ll Q l kiemr vibg m kiu jlvrm
Klemr ll Q Kgstiry amr Hultgr.
 
Kòslngs qui usgk g siquâenlg ll Q l2
 
-  Gjmei Vmhit`ir
-  ^ukkirtlki
-  ^matjy, gs le g Kmreleh ^uerlsi
-  Oigutlauj Jmvi
-  Gutuke Jigvis
 
Gpriefg
  gjhukgs fissgs kòslngs pgrg sietlr m njlkg fg siquâenlg kiemr ll Q l.
 

M ll Q l kiemr letrmfuz m gnmrfi k8o9. Ms letirvgjms fiji sîm 7, o>, 9 i o8. I

lssm ì nirtgkieti ispij`gfm pijm grpibm. Eg prmhrissîm gnlkg, iu kmstril m
gnmrfi fmklegeti nmkm uk amrkgtm (vmlnleh)  8o<. Gpisgr flssm, `ç kultgs
mutrgs gjtirgèùis nrmkçtlngs fissi gnmrfi.

Ms gnmrfis pgrg g prmhrissîm ll Q L pmfik sir tmngfms fg sihuleti amrkg eg

tmegjlfgfi fi Oo kiemr2
 

Eîm ì lenmkuk vir m gnmrfi töelng (Ook8) tmngfm nmkm uk gnmrfi OokKgb8.
Eþs vgkms agjgr flssm kgls tgrfi, eisti ngpëtujm. Ms amrkgtms fi gnmrfis oçslnms
pmfik sir tmngfms gsslk2
 

Gpriefg ms emvms grpibms sihulefm ms pgssms fitgj`gfms em ngpëtujm getirlmr.

 
Ykg nmlsg lkpmrtgeti pgrg pirnioir eissg siquâenlg fi grpibms ì qui gpiegs
fugs emtgs kufgk ietri Nk8o9 i A8. M o9 fm Nk8o9 ngl eg töelng fi A8 i m o8
fi Nk8o9 ngl eg >ª fi A8.
 
Qmnâ fivi istgr nlieti fi qui si ukg suostltulèîm 8o< ì usgfg em gnmrfi A8,
ietîm gpiegs ukg emtg kufg ietri m grpibm Nk8o9 i A8o<. Kuslngjkieti, lssm
eîm ì omk eik kgu, kgs nmkm issi jlvrm amng ik kufgeègs fi emtgs ietri
gnmrfis, issg eîm ì g suostltulèîm kgls òtlj.
 
 

Nmkm sikpri, nmkini usgefm uk hrupm fi fugs nmrfgs pgrg trilegr gs

kufgeègs, i gms pmunms si kmvg pgrg hrupms fi fugs nmrfgs gtrgvìs fm orgèm i
fipmls hrupms fi trâs i qugtrm nmrfgs. Yk pmunm fi pgnlâenlg ti gbufgrç g alngr
ajuieti rgplfgkieti.
 
Vieti ixgurlr ngfg pmssloljlfgfi getis fi pgrtlr pgrg m prþxlkm hrupm fi nmrfgs
mu gflnlmegr ukg nmrfg ixtrg.

Ixikpjm 0g2 (Hrupm fi fugs nmrfgs)

 
 

Ixikpjm 0o2 (Hrupm fi trâs nmrfgs)

Ixikpjm 0n2 (Leslrg nmjn`ilgs em nmkpgssm qugtrm)

Qmjti gms ngpëtujms getirlmris pgrg kgls lfilgs fi nmkm lesirlr emvms rltkms.
 
Fipmls, gflnlmei gjhues pgfrùis fi emtgs fi gprmxlkgèîm nrmkçtlng.
 
Ixikpjm 0f2 (Hrupm fi fugs nmrfgs)
 
 

Ixikpjm 0i2 (Hrupm fi trâs nmrfgs)

Ixtiesùis i ^uostltulèùis
 
@ç kultgs omgs suostltulèùis i gomrfghies qui pmfik sir usgfgs gm smjgr smori
prmhrissùis kiemris ll Q l. Iu sþ gomrfil ukg piquieg pgrti gqul, kgs pgrg tir
kglmris leamrkgèùis, vibg m kiu jlvrm ‚Klemr ll Q Kgstiry amr Bgzz Hultgr"
qui gomrfg nmk prmaueflfgfi issg lkpmrtgeti prmhrissîm fm bgzz.
 
G prlkilrg itgpg ì ixgklegr ms grpibms istieflfms >-< smori ngfg gnmrfi. Nmkm
`ç gjhukgs gkolhulfgfis ik rijgèîm g nmestruèîm fg prmhrissîm ll Q kiemr, iu
vmu trgtgr m gnmrfi ll (Nk8o9) nmkm si amssi firlvgfm fm 8² hrgu fg isngjg
kglmr.
 
Tgrg gprmauefgr issg timrlg, pmr agvmr, vibg Klemr ll Q Kgstiry amr Bgzz
Hultgr.
 Gqul istîm ms grpibms >-< pgrg ms gnmrfis Nk8o9 i Ook8. Tmr iequgetm, usi g
suostltulèîm >-o< flkleutg em A8.
 

Amqui em grpibm istieflfm o>-o< fi Nk8o9. Qmnâ pirnioi qui gs emtgs amrkgk
 

uk emvm grpibm fi Iok8= Iu rigjnil g emvg töelng nmk uk jmsgehm.

 
Ghmrg, vibg m grpibm o>-< fi Ok8. Qmnâ nmesihui vir qui m emvm grpibm
amrkgfm ì uk FoKgb8= Kgls ukg viz, g emvg töelng istç rigjègfg nmk uk
jmsgehm.
 
^goir qui uk grpibm >-< istieflfm sikpri amrkgrç uk emvm grpibm 7-8 g pgrtlr
fg >ª fm gnmrfi mrlhlegj ì ogstgeti òtlj pmrqui qugjquir jlnc qui eþs bç sgoikms
gm rifmr fm emvm grpibm pmfi sir usgfm smori m gnmrfi mrlhlegj.
 
 

Vimrlgs Lkpmrtgetis smori m Gnmrfi Flkleutg 8

 
Ik ngfg uk fms ngpëtujms getirlmris, eþs usgkms ukg suostltulèîm flkleutg 8
eg >ª fm gnmrfi fmklegeti (A8) pgrg nrlgr uk smk gjtirgfm >-o<.
 
Ykg nmlsg lkpmrtgeti pgrg si sgoir smori gnmrfis flkleutg ì qui ijis sîm
slkìtrlnms. Eg kòslng, uk gnmrfi slkìtrlnm mu grpibm ì gquiji mefi ngfg emtg
istç lhugjkieti flstgeti ukg fg mutrg. Ik uk gnmrfi flkleutg, ngfg emtg istç g
flstïenlg fi ukg >ª kiemr (uk tmk i kilm) fg prþxlkg.
 
Lssm pmfi sir agnljkieti vlstm qugefm vmnâ tmng gs emtgs fi Gflk8 gm jmehm fi
ukg nmrfg2
 

Nmkm tmfgs gs emtgs istîm g kiskg flstïenlg ukg fgs mutrgs, qugjquir  emtg
pmfi sir vlstg nmkm g töelng fm gnmrfi. Tmr ixikpjm, m gnmrfi fi Gflk8 ì m
kiskm qui Nflk8, Ioflk8 i Hoflk8.

Tmrqui m grpibm
ms prlkilrms fi gnmrfis
fmls Gflk8 ìfissg
lfâetlnm gm grpibm
prmhrissîm fi Ioflk8,
 piesgefm  em vmnâ
Iok8pmfi
pgrgsmjgr smori
Ioflk8.
(Jikori-si, Iok8 ì m grpibm istieflfm fi >-< fi Nk8o9.) Tmr ixikpjm2
 
Ixikpjm 0a2
 
 

 
Ysgr suostltulèùis fissg kgeilrg eîm sþ ems pirklti letrmfuzlr emvgs emtgs fm
gnmrfi i ixtiesùis ik emssm ripirtþrlm, ijgs tgkoìk pmfik gbufgr g slkpjlalngr
emssg amrkg fi piesgr smori kufgeègs fi gnmrfis nmkpjixgs.
 
Qmnâ sgoi nmkm ixpjmrgr issis grpibms pmr iequgetm, pmrtgetm usi g Aglxg fi
Auefm Mltm pgrg ixpjmrgr issis grpibms smori m ll Q l kiemr em Oo.
 
Nmkini usgefm g pmslèîm töelng fm grpibm 7-o8 em gnmrfi fi Ook8 i leslrg m
grpibm o>-< fipmls qui vmnâ istlvir agkljlgrlzgfm nmk ms grpibms istieflfms ems
gnmrfis ll i Q. Jikori-si fi gms pmunms lesirlr emtgs fi gprmxlkgèîm nrmkçtlng
i ik filxgr ispgèm pgrg g nrlgèîm fi kijmflgs.
 
Mutrg suostltulèîm fi grpibm lkpmrtgeti pgrg gpriefir (qugefm vmnâ istlvir
prmetm) ì usgr uk grpibm Kglmr 8 em o9 fm gnmrfi k8o9.
 
^mori m gnmrfi fi Nk8o9, vmnâ pmfirlg tmngr uk grpibm fi HoKgb8 nrlgefm ms
letirvgjms o9, o8, o< i 77 smori m gnmrfi Nk8o92
 

Issi ì uk ixnijieti smk qugefm usgfm ik nmebuetm nmk lfilgs flkleutgs fm

ngpëtujm getirlmr. Jilg g pçhleg getirlmr emvgkieti pgrg si jikorgr qui Gflk8 ì
m kiskm qui Hoflk8.
 
 

Lssm ì rigjkieti òtlj pmrqui eþs ghmrg tikms mutrg amrkg slkpjis fi piesgr  uk
ngkle`m smori gs kufgeègs2
 
^mori g kufgeèg fi gnmrfis fi Nk8o9 pgrg A8, eþs pmfikms  piesgr ik
HoKgb8 pgrg Hoflk8. Lssm ì kmstrgfm em ixikpjm g sihulr.
 
Ixikpjm 0h2
 

Em ixikpjm 9a, eþs piesgkms gtrgvìs fms grpibms fi Io smori ms prlkilrms fmls
gnmrfis fg siquâenlg i, em ixikpjm 9h, eþs piesgkms gtrgvìs fms grpibms fi Ho
smori ms prlkilrms fmls gnmrfis. Issi tlpm fi slkpjlalngèîm pmfi agnljltgr ms
smjms smori siquâenlgs nmkpjixgs i gbufgr-ems g nrlgr kijmflgs amrtis ik viz fi
"nmrrir gtrçs fgs prmhrissùis".
 
Ykg òjtlkg suhistîm jlhgfg gm ixikpjm 9h ì tmngr uk grpibm fi Ak8 smori m
gnmrfi Ook8. ^i istlvirkms piesgefm gtrgvìs fms grpibms fi Ho ems gnmrfis ll i
Q, eîmuk
tmngr ì tîm flaënlj
grpibm k8slkpjiskieti
em gnmrfi l. fisnir uk sikltmk pgrg Ak8 (g 9ª fm Ook8) i

Vmngr uk grpibm fi Ak8 smori Ook8 amng ms letirvgjms 9, o8, < i 77.
 
 

Ms ixikpjms g sihulr usgk g siquâenlg fi gnmrfis HoKgb8 - Hoflk8 - Ak8

smori g siquâenlg kiemr ll Q l.
 
Ixikpjm 0`2
 

@ç kultgs suostltulèùis pmssëvils pgrg ixpjmrgr, kgs ijgs fivik sir istufgfgs
nmk ogsi ems auefgkietms fms grpibms 7-8.
 
Wugefm vmnâ istlvir kgls nmealgeti ems grpibms, vmnâ pmfi tietgr usgr ukg
gomrfghik pmr isngjgs pgrg tmngr eissg siquâenlg. G isngjg fi Oo kiemr
@grköelng auenlmeg kultm oik furgeti tmfg g prmhrissîm i g Tietgtöelng fi Oo
Kiemr (Ojuis) auenlmeg kultm oik em gnmrfi Ook8.
 

Wugefm istlvir gpriefiefm g smjgr smori prmhrissùis fi gnmrfis em bgzz, sikpri

trgogj`i eg grtlnujgèîm fms grpibms getis fi usgr ukg gomrfghik pmr isngjgs.
 
Grpibms i emtgs fi gprmxlkgèîm nrmkçtlng amrkgk g jlehughik fm bgzz
(ispinlgjkieti fm oiomp). Gs isngjgs sîm ukg amrkg fi priien`ir ms ispgèms
ietri gs emtgs gjvm fm grpibm.
 
 

Ixikpjm 0l2
 

Ixikpjm 0b2
 

Wugefm vmnâ istlvir agkljlgrlzgfm nmk m ll Q l kiemr eissg pmslèîm, nmkini g

ixpjmrgr gs sihuletis çrigs fg hultgrrg2
 
 

Ngpëtujm Emvi2 M Ojuis Kiemr

 
Issg prmhrissîm pmfi sir muvlfg eg Aglxg fi Auefm Emvi.
 
Vmegjlfgfi2 N kiemr.
 
Isngjg Kgtrlz2  G isngjg fi N Kiemr @grköelng pmfi sir usgfg gm jmehm fi
tmfg g prmhrissîm, kgs m N Iþjlnm ì ukg isnmj`g kgls usugj. G pietgtöelng fi N

kiemr
  tgkoìk ì usgfg.
M ojuis kiemr ì ukg fgs prmhrissùis kgls tmngfg em bgzz i ì uk piflfm
rinmrrieti ik piramrkgenis. Emrkgjkieti tmngfm ik tikpms rçplfms, issg
prmhrissîm fi ojuis fi nmkpgssms kiemr flairi fm bgzz ojuis "pgfrîm" pmr ngusg
fi sug tmegjlfgfi kiemr i fg rijgtlvg slkpjlnlfgfi `grköelng. Yk ojuis kiemr
emrkgjkieti ì gsslk2
 

Nmkm vmnâ pmfi emtgr, `ç hrgefis pirëmfms fi gnmrfis istçtlnms i g kglmr pgrti
fm
ukgriquleti
isngjg `grköelnm ì hirgfm`grkmelzgfg,
kiemr @grköelng em nmkpgssm memvi pijmoQL
gnmrfi Go8egturgjkieti
eîm-flgtöelnm. Ik
amrkg
 

uk gnmrfi Kgb8. @ç gpiegs ukg emtg fi flairieèg ietri m Go8 isnrltm  i m

GoKgb8 flgtmelngkieti nmrritm. Tmr lssm, g kglmrlg fms lkprmvlsgfmris
lhemrgrîm issi nmeajltm, ispinlgjkieti ik tikpms rçplfms.
 
Kòslngs fi bgzz qui usgk g istruturg fi ojuis kiemr2
 
-  Kr TN
-  Iqulemx
-  Ojui Vrgle
-  Lsrgij
 
Vmfgs gs kòslngs gnlkg sîm vgrlgèùis fm ojuis fi 7? nmkpgssms kiemr oçslnm,
ikomrg ijgs tie`gk vgrlgèùis flairietis i suostltulèùis.
 

Ms gnmrfis fi ukg prmhrissîm fi ojuis kiemr "oçslng" pmfik sir tmngfms

gsslk2
 

Gpisgr fm gnmrfi töelng sir uk Nk8 (emrkgjkieti isnrltm nmkm uk Nk em

flghrgkg fi gnmrfis fm ojuis kiemr), `ç fugs omgs isnmj`gs fi grpibms pgrg usgr
smori N kiemr. Nmkm issg prmhrissîm ì firlvgfg fg isngjg @grköelng fi N
kiemr, uk grpibm fi NkKgb8 ì ukg omg isnmj`g pgrg m gnmrfi fi Nk8.
 
Yk grpibm fi kKgb8 tik g aþrkujg 7 o> 9 8. Ì ukg trëgfi kiemr nmk ukg 8ª
egturgj (mu kglmr) gflnlmegfg i tik gpiegs ukg emtg flairieti fm grpibm k8
emrkgj, qui eþs usgkms gtì m kmkietm.
 
Iu suhlrm qui vmnâ nmkini gpriefiefm g smjgr smori gs prmhrissùis usgefm m
grpibm k8 goglxm i, qugefm istlvir kgls ajuieti, leslrg m grpibm kKgb8.

Ì lkpmrtgeti kienlmegr qui eissi ojuis kiemr tgkoìk smg oik tmngr uk grpibm
Go8 ik gkoms ms gnmrfis Go8 i H8. Ik viz fm smjlstg sir amrègfm g sihulr ms
gnmrfis, eþs pmfikms tmngr uk grpibm pmr fmls nmkpgssms i filxgr g `grkmelg
gukietgr g tiesîm eg jle`g fm smjm.
 
Nmkini usgefm grpibms 7-8 smori piquiegs çrigs fm orgèm getis fi lesirlr emtgs
fi gprmxlkgèîm nrmkçtlng egs kufgeègs fi gnmrfis i nmjn`ilgs.
 

 
Jikori-si, ms ixikpjms g sihulr sîm gpiegs g pmetg fm lnioirh pgrg qui vmnâ
nme`ièg m prmnissm. M kij`mr biltm fi usgr issi jlvrm ì ishmtgr ngfg
pmssloljlfgfi.
 
Gpriefg gs kijmflgs fi gjhukgs kòslngs kmstrgfgs gnlkg i nmjmqui issis
ixirnënlms ik sius smjms (Kr Tn ì ukg omg kòslng pgrg nmkiègr)
 
 

Ixikpjm <g2 (Hrupm fi fugs nmrfgs)

 

Ixikpjm <o2 (Hrupm fi trâs emtgs)

 

Ixikpjm <n2 (Hrupm fi qugtrm nmrfgs nmk emtgs fi gprmxlkgèîm nrmkçtlng)

 

Wugefm vmnâ si sietlr ajuieti eissis grpibms, tieti filxgr g kijmflg risplrgr uk
pmunm i filxi ispgèms ietri gs argsis.
 
Yk omk ixirnënlm ì nmkiègr ukg jle`g eg kitgfi fm nmkpgssm i tmngr ukg
kijmflg smori g kufgeèg fi gnmrfis. Ils gjhukgs lfilgs pgrg nmkiègr.
 

Ixikpjm <f2
 

Fipmls, ì `mrg fi lesirlr grpibms istieflfms >-< ik ngfg gnmrfi. Ijis pmfik sir
tmngfms fg sihuleti amrkg2
 

Tirniog qui iu usil m grpibm >-< em gnmrfi fi Go8 i m grpibm >-o< em gnmrfi fi
H8. Lssm pmrqui g emtg o< fm H8 ì Go i vmnâ bç muvlu issg emtg nmkm g töelng fm
gnmrfi Go8 em nmkpgssm getirlmr.
 
Gsslk qui vmnâ tlvir gprieflfm issis grpibms, gpjlqui-ms ik hrupms rifuzlfms
fi nmrfgs i ienmetri amrkgs fi si kmvir nrmkgtlngkieti ietri gs kufgeègs fi
gnmrfis.
 
Ixikpjm <i2 (Vrâs nmrfgs)
 
 

Ixikpjm <a2 (Wugtrm nmrfgs nmk emtgs fi gprmxlkgèîm)

 

Ixikpjm <h2 (Nmkolegefm ms grpibms 7-8 i >-<)

 

Tmr alk, usi ukg gomrfghik kgls kijþflng i piesi ik jle`gs ispgègfgs i
ajulfgs. Wugefm vmnâ istlvir usgefm issgs lfilgs ik uk ojuis kiemr fi 7?
nmkpgssms, vmnâ pmfi jlhgr tmfgs ijgs nmk g isngjg ojuis fi N kiemr.
 
Ixikpjm <`2
 
 

Ngpëtujm Fiz2 L ollFlk8 ll olllFlk8

 

Issg prmhrissîm pmfi sir muvlfg eg Aglxg fi Auefm Fiz.

 
Vmegjlfgfi2 Oo Kglmr.
 
Wugefm ukg sìrli fi suostltulèùis si tmreg rigjkieti ukg siquâenlg fi
gnmrfis= Issg ì g pirhuetg qui iu tlvi fi ki agzir getis fi lenjulr g prmhrissîm
gnlkg eissi jlvrm. Ms prlkilrms trâs nmkpgssms fg siquâenlg auenlmegk nmkm
ukg suostltulèîm pgrg g prmhrissîm L QL ll qui aml vlstg ems ngpëtujms fmls i trâs.
 
M gnmrfi Oflk8 em nmkpgssm fmls istç auenlmegefm nmkm ukg suostltulèîm fm
gnmrfi H8o<. Jikori-si qui eþs pmfikms nrlgr uk gnmrfi flkleutm eg >ª fi uk
gnmrfi fmklegeti (pmr ixikpjm, Oflk8 ik uk gnmrfi H8) pgrg lesleugr ukg
tiesîm 8o<.
 
Nmk lssm ik kieti, ms prlkilrms trâs gnmrfis eissg siquâenlg pmfik sir vlstms
nmkm OoKgb8 „ H8o< „ Nk8, ukg prmhrissîm qui iu rinmkiefm qui vmnâ
istufi eg pçhleg >1. @ç ukg vgrlgèîm em nmkpgssm qugtrm, ietritgetm, eþs
emrkgjkieti ispirgrëgkms vir uk gnmrfi fi A8 mu suostltulèîm jivgefm fi vmjtg
gm gnmrfi töelng OoKgb8.
 
Ietritgetm, m gnmrfi N#flk8 em nmkpgssm qugtrm eîm lesleug m A8o< nmkm vmnâ
pmfirlg ispirgr. N# ì g >ª fi G8, eîm A8, pmrtgetm m N#flk8 em nmkpgssm qugtrm
ì uk suostltutm fm G8o<.
 
G8o< ì m gnmrfi fmklegeti fi F, pmrtgetm m nmkpgssm qugtrm suhiri amrtikieti
qui m gnmrfi sihuleti sibg prmvgvijkieti uk Fk8. Eþs bç sgoikms qui m Fk8
ìqugefm
ukg suostltulèîm
amrkgkms mnmkuk fm gnmrfi
grpibm >-< fi OoKgb8 pmrqui Fk8 ì m grpibm nrlgfm
fi OoKgb8.
 

 
Mutrg amrkg fi iexirhgr ì slkpjiskieti mj`gr gs emtgs fm oglxm fi ngfg gnmrfi.
Ijis amrkgk g siquâenlg gsniefieti nrmkgtlngkieti Oo, O, N, N#... M prþxlkm
gnmrfi istç qugsi lkpjmrgefm pgrg sir uk Fk8.
 
Issi tlpm fi suostltulèîm ì usugj i mairini ukg þtlkg amrkg fi nmjmrlr g
siquâenlg ogstgeti tmngfg fm L QL ll Q. Gm gflnlmegr uk G8o< em nmkpgssm
qugtrm i rismjvir em Fk8 (OoKgb<), g `grkmelg risplrg ukg vlfg emvg eissg
siquâenlg.
 
Ms amrkgtms fi gnmrfis fissg siquâenlg pmfik sir tmngfms gsslk2
 

Ms grpibms fissis gnmrfis pmfik sir tmngfms gsslk2

 

Gpisgr fm N# istgr uk tmk gnlkg fm O, pirniog qui vmnâ pmfi fisnir m grpibm
fi Oflk8 uk sikltmk pgrg tmngr uk grpibm fi N#flk8 (Ooflk8 i N#flk8 tâk
gs kiskgs emtgs).
 
Eg virfgfi, qugefm iu istmu tmngefm m grpibm N#flk8, iu istmu fi agtm
iesgefm  em Ooflk8 pmrqui iji tik g kiskg töelng fm gnmrfi (OoKgb8) i
pmrtgetm ì kgls açnlj fi vir i jikorgr.
 
Nmkm sikpri, nmkini gpriefiefm ms grpibms gnlkg i fipmls trilei ik hrupms
 

piquiems fi nmrfgs pgrg fmklegr gs kufgeègs.

 
Ixikpjm 74g2 (Nmrfgs hrgvis)
 

Ixikpjm 74o2 (Nmrfgs ghufgs)

 
 

Ixikpjm 74n2 (Lfilgs nrmkçtlngs i nmjn`ilgs)

 

Ixikpjm 74f2 (Gprmxlkgèîm kijþflng)

 

Ixikpjm 74i2
 

Wugefm istlvir prmnurgefm pmr suostltulèùis fi grpibms pgrg tmngr smori issgs
kufgeègs,
N#flk8 em ìnmkpgssm
lkpmrtgeti tir ik kieti g aueèîm fi ngfg gnmrfi, pgrtlnujgrkieti m
qugtrm.
 

 
Jikori-si, m N#flk8 ì rigjkieti uk suostltutm pgrg m G8, pmrtgetm qugjquir
grpibm fi suostltulèîm qui vmnâ pmssg usgr smori G8 lrç auenlmegr.
 
Lssm slhelalng qui eîm istgkms jlkltgfms g tmngr gpiegs m grpibm fi N#flk8
(G8o<). Ik viz flssm, vgkms usgr g suostltulèîm fm k8o9 em o8   pgrg issi
gnmrfi. M o8 fi G ì H, pmr lssm vgkms tmngr uk grpibm Hk8o9 smori. M N#flk8
em nmkpgssm qugtrm
 

Tgrg m nmkpgssm uk fi OoKgb8, vgji g pieg kgetir issi nmkm uk slkpjis

grpibm 7-8 pmrqui ì prmvçvij qui m gnmrfi em quletm nmkpgssm fissg prmhrissîm
sibg Fk8.
 
Jikori-si qui m grpibm istieflfm >-< fi OoKgb8 amrkg uk grpibm fi Fk8,
pmrtgetm gm tmnç-jm em nmkpgssm uk eþs pirfikms ukg mpmrtuelfgfi fi
fisievmjvir g `grkmelg kgls tgrfi em nmkpgssm nlenm. Njgrm, lssm ì ogstgeti
suobitlvm i eîm `ç egfg irrgfm ik tmngr Fk8 smori OoKgb8 em nmkpgssm uk.
 
Tgrg slkpjlalngr, eþs vgkms filxgr m grpibm fi Oflk8 nmkm istç i lesirlr m
grpibm o>-< em Nk8.
 
G emvg siquâenlg fm grpibm vlrg2
 

Kmviefm-si pgrg2

 
Ysi ms ixikpjms g sihulr nmkm uk pmetm fi pgrtlfg pgrg sius istufms.
 
Ixikpjm 74a2
 
 

 
Ixikpjm 74h2
 

Ixikpjm 74`2
 

Jikori-si fi trgogj`gr ik hrupms piquiems fi nmrfgs sikpri qui lesirlr uk

emvm grpibm mu suostltulèîm.

Gm
  si agkljlgrlzgr, tieti ixpgeflr issis nmeniltms pgrg gs fikgls çrigs fm orgèm.
 

 
 

Ngpëtujm Mezi2 ll Q fisniefieti

 

Issg prmhrissîm pmfi sir muvlfg eg Aglxg fi Auefm Mezi.

 
Vmegjlfgfi2 Oo Kglmr.
 
Isngjg Kgtrlz2  Eie`ukg, kgs "piesgr" em Klxmjëflm fms gnmrfis fmklegetis
ik ngfg nmkpgssm ì ukg omg isnmj`g pgrg ms tikpms rçplfms.
 
G siquâenlg fi gnmrfis eissi ngpëtujm ì ukg fgs kgls nmkpjixgs fm bgzz. Ykg
sìrli fi siquâenlgs ll Q nrmkgtlngkieti fisniefietis sîm tmngfgs fisfi m
gnmrfi lll fm ivietugj pmetm fi rismjuèîm fi Oo Kglmr.
 
Emti qui issi tlpm fi siquâenlg fi gnmrfis fisniefietis pmfi nmkiègr ik
qugjquir pmetm fg kòslng, i eîm einissgrlgkieti si rismjvir eg töelng. Tmr
ixikpjm, m nmkpgssm qugtrm fg prmhrissîm gnlkg pmfirlg agnljkieti sir Ok8,
Ak8 mu kiskm Hok8.

Issi tlpm fi siquâenlg fisniefieti ì ukg hrgefi ngrgntirëstlng fm istljm fi

ojuis "N`grjli Tgrcir" i pmfi sir muvlfg egs kòslngs.
 
-  Ojuis amr Gjlni
-  Amur me ^lx
-  ^gtle Fmjj
-  Xist Nmgst Ojuis
 
Ikomrg sibg pmssëvij smjgr smori issg prmhrissîm fi gnmrfis ik ukg pmslèîm fg
hultgrrg, ì kultm kgls prçtlnm "sihulr" ms gnmrfis pijm orgèm i usgr ms rltkms i
nrmkgtlskms pgrg hirgr rlquizg kijþflng.
 
 

^þ pmrqui istgkms usgefm amrkgtms fisniefietis eg hultgrrg, lssm eîm slhelalng

qui g kijmflg prinlsg sir fisniefieti tgkoìk. Nmkm g siquâenlg fi gnmrfis ì
rijgtlvgkieti n`ilg, tmngr kijmflgs gsniefietis ispgrsgs smori gs vgrlgèùis
ikoijizg g kijmflg.
 
 

Ms amrkgtms fi gnmrfi pgrg gpriefir eissg siquâenlg sîm ms sihuletis2

 

Nmkm vmnâ pmfi vir, eþs istgkms usgefm ms kiskms pgris fi gnmrfis
fisniefietikieti em orgèm ik ngfg nmkpgssm.

Ms grpibms pgrg issis amrkgtms fi gnmrfis sîm2

 
 

Tmfi pgrinirfisniefietis.
fi grpibms letlklfgfmr mEþs
eòkirm fi emtgs,
pmfikms tmngrkgs rigjkieti
kgls `ç gpiegs
mu kiems trâsgnmrfm
emtgs fi pgris
nmk emssg vmetgfi.
 
Nmkiègrikms nmk ukg tìnelng usugj em bgzz i tmngrikms gpiegs >ª i 8ª fi ngfg
gnmrfi pgrg nrlgr ukg kijmflg fisniefieti nrmkgtlngkieti.
 
 

Ixikpjm 77g2 (Nmrfgs kiflgegs)

 

Ixikpjm 77o2 (Nmrfgs supirlmris)

 

Njgrm qui vmnâ pmfi amngr qugjquir emtg fm grpibm eg kufgeèg fi gnmrfis, kgs
ms tmes hulgs > i 8 sîm uk omk juhgr pgrg nmkiègr.
 
Fipmls, tmqui uk kmtlvm kijþflnm nurtm fisniefietikieti buetm nmk gs
kufgeègs.
 
Ixikpjm 77n2
 
 

 
Eîm `ç morlhgèîm fi tmngr smori ngfg gnmrfi. Filxgr ogstgeti ispgèm pmfi sir
kultm ialngz. M ixikpjm g sihulr usg ukg lfilg nrmkçtlng pgrg amngr g >ª fm
gnmrfi fmklegeti ik ngfg nmkpgssm.
 
 

Ixikpjm 77f2
 

Vieti nmkpmr gjhukgs jle`gs qui amquik gs emtgs fm gnmrfi g pgrtlr fm gnmrfi
llk8 ik ngfg nmkpgssm.
 
Ms ixikpjms g sihulr amngk g <ª fi ngfg gnmrfi kiemr i usgk uk nrmkgtlskm
ik nmjn`ilg. Qmnâ gpriefiu issis amrkgtms fi grpibm >-< em ngpëtujm nlenm.
 
Ixikpjm 77i2
 

Njgrm qui gs jle`gs pmfik sir tîm nmkpjixgs i nrmkçtlngs qugetm vmnâ qulsir2
 
Ixikpjm 77a2
 
 

 
Wugefm vmnâ istlvir trgogj`gefm ik lfilgs nmkm issg ik sius trilems, ì kultm
lkpmrtgeti muvlr ms sius kòslnms agvmrltms lkprmvlsgefm smori issgs
prmhrissùis. Iu emrkgjkieti sietm nmk g trgesnrlèîm fg kòslng egs kîms i
isnutm mefi m smjlstg tmng sugs jle`gs.
 
Qmnâ alngrç surprism gm pirnioir qui smjlstgs emrkgjkieti filxgk ispgèm smori
gs kiskgs kufgeègs fi gnmrfis ik ngfg pgrti. Qmnâ pmfi ietiefir nmkm
qulsir, kgs iu gn`m rinmeamrtgeti sgoir qui kiskm ms kij`mris kòslnms tâk uk
eòkirm jlkltgfm fi gomrfghies pgrg smjms.
 
Mutrg lfilg qui mnmrri ariquietikieti ì tmngr ik sietlfm nmetrçrlm äs kufgeègs
fi gnmrfis. Issg siquâenlg fi gnmrfis fisni rgplfgkieti, ietîm pmr qui eîm
nmestrulr gjhukgs jle`gs qui gsniefgk em sietlfm nmetrçrlm ä `grkmelg=
 
Tjgeibgr gjhukgs jle`gs pmfi sir ukg þtlkg amrkg fi ienmetrgr kijmflgs
gsniefietis ik `grkmelgs fisniefietis nmkpjlngfgs.
 
Trlkilrm, vgkms ienmetrgr emtgs gsniefietis ispinëalngs fi ngfg grpibm pgrg
ngfg gnmrfi eg prmhrissîm. Lssm pmfi sir kgls açnlj egs rihlùis kgls oglxgs fm
orgèm, kgs eþs vgkms alngr eg çrig qui bç istgkms agkljlgrlzgfms.
 
M letirvgjm ietri ngfg emtg fm grpibm istç isnrltm goglxm fg emtgèîm.
 
Ixikpjm 77h2
 
 

 
Ghmrg qui iu bç nrlil uk ngkle`m gsniefieti ietri gs kufgeègs, iu pmssm
priien`ir ms ispgèms nmk emtgs fi pgssghik nrmkçtlng. Tirniog qui `ç gpiegs
ukg emtg fisniefieti eg kijmflg g sihulr. Iu aul amrègfm g agzir lssm qugefm gs
fugs emtgs kgls prþxlkgs fm grpibm istgvgk g gpiegs uk sikltmk fi flstïenlg.
 
Ixikpjm 77`2
 

Alegjkieti, iu pmssm gflnlmegr gjhukgs nmjn`ilgs i ispgèm pgrg nrlgr ukg argsi
gsniefieti kgls kijþflng.
 
 

Ixikpjm 77l2
 

Lssm pmfi sir uk prmnissm fisgalgfmr, kgs issgs jle`gs gsniefietis rigjkieti
kij`mrgk kijmflngkieti sius smjms.
 
Gpriefg
jle`gs quiissis grpibmsVieti
nmesihulr. ik mutrgs pmslèùisfifmgrpibms
g siquâenlg orgèm gi sihulr
isnrivgqugefm
m kglmrvmnâ
eòkirm fi
istlvir
nmealgeti gm agzir ms isnrltms eissi ngpëtujm.
 
 

Ngpëtujm Fmzi2 G ^uostltulèîm fm

 
Vrëtmem

Issg prmhrissîm pmfi sir muvlfg eg Aglxg fi Auefm Fmzi.

 
Vmegjlfgfi2 Oo Kglmr
 
G suostltulèîm fm trëtmem ì ixtrikgkieti òtlj tgetm eg nmkpmslèîm qugetm ems
smjms fi bgzz. M nmeniltm ì m sihuleti.
 
Qmnâ pmfi suostltulr qugjquir gnmrfi fmklegeti 8 auenlmegj pmr mutrm gnmrfi
fmklegeti 8 qui istibg g flstïenlg fi ukg o9ª (trâs tmes) fi flstïenlg.
 
Tmr ixikpjm, g suostltulèîm fm trëtmem fi H8 ì Fo8 pmrqui Fo istç g uk o9 fi
flstïenlg fi H.
G suostltulèîm fi A8 ì O8 pmrqui O istç g uk o9 (trâs tmes) fi flstïenlg fi A.
 
Gm tietgr ietiefir nmkm issg suostltulèîm auenlmeg, m nmeniltm prlenlpgj pgrg
jikorgr ì qui eþs "pmfikms" gflnlmegr qugjquir  tiesîm g uk gnmrfi
fmklegeti.

Qgkms vir qugls letirvgjms gs emtgs em O8 nrlgk qugefm tmngfgs smori uk

gnmrfi fi A8.
 
A8 (Gnmrfi mrlhlegj)  
O8 (suostltulèîm o9)   O F#/Io A#/Ho G

Letirvgjm
g A8 nrlgfm ik rijgèîm o9 o8 o< >
 

 
M gnmrfi fi O8 tik fugs emtgs lkpmrtgetis ik nmkuk nmk A82 g >ª i g o8ª. G
>ª i g 8ª sîm ms letirvgjms kgls lkpmrtgetis pgrg fialelr m smk fi uk gnmrfi.
 
G >ª fm O8 (Io) ì g o8ª fm A8.
G o8ª fm O8 (G) ì g >ª fm A8.
 
Gs mutrgs fugs emtgs em gnmrfi fi O8 (O i Ho) amrkgk ms letirvgjms o9 i o<
rispintlvgkieti smori m gnmrfi fi A8. Issgs fugs emtgs sîm ixnijietis tiesùis
pgrg sirik lesirlfgs smori uk gnmrfi fmklegeti.
 
Gm tmngr uk grpibm fi O8 smori m gnmrfi fi A8, uk smjlstg lesleug m gnmrfi
A8o9o<.
 
Issg rihrg auenlmeg pgrg qugjquir gnmrfi nmk aueèîm fmklegeti.
 
 

G suostltulèîm fm trëtmem ì ukg lkpmrtgeti suostltulèîm ik smjms fi bgzz i

tgkoìk ì usgfg eg nmkpmslèîm fi kijmflgs i prmhrissùis fi gnmrfis.
 
Ykg ngrgntirëstlng fm usm fg suostltulèîm fm trëtmem ik ukg prmhrissîm fi
gnmrfis ì qui ijg nrlg ukg jle`g fi oglxm fisniefieti nrmkgtlngkieti.
 
Tmr ixikpjm, ik juhgr fg prmhrissîm Nk8 „ A8 „ OoKgb8, gm tmngr g
suostltulèîm fm trëtmem fi A8 (O8), g siquâenlg fi gnmrfi ghmrg fisni Nk8 „ O8
 „ OoKgb8.
 
Ijis pmfik sir tmngfms fg sihuleti amrkg2
 
Ixikpjm 7?g2
 

Gkogs gs siquâenlgs fi gnmrfis auenlmegk fg kiskg amrkg kuslngjkieti, kgs

smgk
  oik flairietis.
Gs kòslngs g sihulr utljlzgk-si fg suostltulèîm fm trëtmem ik sugs nmestruèùis
`grköelngs. G suostltulèîm fm trëtmem pmfi sir emtgfg pmr sug jle`g fi oglxm
fisniefieti nrmkgtlngkieti.
 
-  Hgrmtg fi Lpgeikg SV`i Hlrj armk Lpgeikg[ (Hk8 - Ho8 - A)
-  Ammtprlets (Hok8o9 - A8#77 - I8)
-  @gvi \mu Kit Klss Bmeis= (OoKgb8 - G8 - Gok8) i (HoKgb8 - A8 -
Ik8)
 
Vmqui ms gnmrfis fg suostltulèîm fm trëtmem usgefm ms sihuletis amrkgtms2
 
 

 
 

Ms grpibms pgrg issis amrkgtms pmfik sir tmngfms gsslk2

 

Wugefm vmnâ istç gpriefiefm g usgr suostltulèùis fi trëtmem ik smjms, ì òtlj

kgetir sugs kijmflgs egs emtgs kgls ghufgs fg hultgrrg. Lssm gbufg g muvlr gs
ixtiesùis gjtirgfgs em gnmrfi A8 ik siu rihlstrm kgls gjtm.
 
Ms ixirnënlmsfmgtrëtmem
suostltulèîm sihulr ik
gbufgrîm vmnâ
uk ll Q L. Gg aglxg
nmkiègr g ixpjmrgr
fi auefm m smk gpinujlgr
istç tmngefm fg
siquâenlg
Nk8 - A8o9 - OoKgb8, kgs eþs istgkms suostltulefm uk grpibm O8 smori m
gnmrfi A8o9.
 
Ixikpjm 7?o2 (^ikëelkg)
 

Ixikpjm 7?n2 (Nmjn`ilgs)
 
 

 
 

Ixikpjm 7?f2 (Emtgs fi gprmxlkgèîm nrmkçtlng)

 

Wugjquir gnmrfi fmklegeti auenlmegj pmfi sir priniflfm pmr siu gnmrfi llk8 i
lssm tgkoìk si gpjlng g suostltulèîm fm trëtmem. Qmnâ emrkgjkieti muvlrç
smjlstgs tmngefm
prinifirlg G rihrgfmì2 trëtmem i  m gnmrfi ll qui emrkgjkieti
g suostltulèîm
sug suostltulèîm.
 
Wugjquir gnmrfi fmklegeti pmfi sir priniflfm pmr uk gnmrfi k8 qui
istibg ukg 9ª gnlkg.
 
Ems ixikpjms gnlkg, m gnmrfi mrlhlegj A8 ì suostltuëfm pmr uk O8 i m gnmrfi ll
fi O8 ì A#k8.
 
Lssm slhelalng qui ik viz fi slkpjiskieti tmngr uk grpibm fi A8 em nmkpgssm
fmls, eþs pmfikms tmngr A#k8 i O8.
 
Em pgpij, alng gsslk2
 
 M O8 ì g suostltulèîm o9 fi A i m A#k8 ì m gnmrfi ll fm O8.

 
Tmfi pgrinir istrge`m tmngr A#k8 smori A8, kgs pgrg vir qugls letirvgjms gs
emtgs fm grpibm fi A#k8 amrkgk smori m gnmrfi mrlhlegj fi A8, vibg eg sihuleti
tgoijg.
 
A8 (Gnmrfi  
mrlhlegj)
A#k8 A#/Ho G N#   I
(suostltulèîm fm
gnmrfi ll fm o9)
Letirvgjm o< > #9   8 Egturgj
amrkgfm ik
rijgèîm gm A8
 

G òelng emtg pgrg si primnupgr gm usgr issg suostltulèîm ì m I, pmls iji amrkg
ukg egturgj 8 qui ietrg ik nmeajltm nmk m o8 em A8. Ietritgetm, nmkm issgs
suostltulèùis sîm emrkgjkieti tmngfgs fi amrkg rçplfg, qugjquir n`mqui ì
lkiflgtgkieti rismjvlfm, pmrtgetm eîm ì uk hrgefi prmojikg fisfi qui vmnâ
eîm ripmusi em I pmr kultm tikpm. ^i vmnâ qulsir, pmfi slkpjiskieti tmngr
ukg trëgfi kiemr fi A# (A# G N#) i ivltgr m I.
 
M grpibm A#k8 ì tmngfm fg sihuleti kgeilrg2
 

Nmjmqui issi grpibm ems sius ixirnënlms fi trilem.

 
Ixikpjm 7?i2
 
 

 
Ixikpjm 7?a2
 
 

Ixikpjm 7?h2
 

Ixikpjm 7?`2
 

Issg
  nmkolegèîm fi suostltulèùis pmfi sir flaënlj fi lenmrpmrgr g prlenëplm.
G sihulr, eþs tgkoìk pmfikms tmngr grpibms istieflfms >-< tgetm ems gnmrfis fi
Nk8 qugetm OoKgb8.
 
 

Gqul istç uk ixikpjm fi tmfms issis grpibms nmkolegfms ues nmk ms mutrms.
 

Ixikpjm 7?l2
 

G suostltulèîm fm trëtmem ì kultm lkpmrtgeti em bgzz i vmnâ fivi levistlr gjhuk

tikpm pgrg si agkljlgrlzgr nmk ijg. Eþs vgkms vir kgls gjhues ixikpjms em
prþxlkm ngpëtujm.
 
G suostltulèîm fm trëtmem pmfi sir usgfg ik qugjquir juhgr mefi `gbg uk gnmrfi
fmklegeti auenlmegj (eîm gpiegs ik uk ll Q L). Yk juhgr usugj fi si muvl-jg ì
em nmkpgssm qugtrm fi uk bgzz ojuis ik flrièîm gm gnmrfi LQ.
 
Ms prlkilrms mltm nmkpgssms fi uk bgzz ojuis sîm emrkgjkieti gsslk2
 

Em nmkpgssm qugtrm, m Oo8 ghi nmkm m gnmrfi fmklegeti fi Io8. G

suostltulèîm fm trëtmem fi Oo8 ì I8, pmr lssm eþs pmfikms suostltulr m Oo8 em
nmkpgssm qugtrm pmr uk I8 i ietîm usgr uk grpibm fi I8. M I8 pmfi sir ietîm
priniflfm pmr siu gnmrfi ll (Ok8), pmr lssm g prmhrissîm ghmrg si tmreg2
 
 

 
Vieti usgr issgs suostltulèùis ik ukg aglxg fi auefm fi bgzz ojuis.
 

Ngpëtujm Vrizi2
Vrizi2 LLL8 olll ll oLL8 L

 
Issg prmhrissîm pmfi sir muvlfg egs Aglxgs fi Auefm Vrizi i Wugtmrzi.
 
Vmegjlfgfi2 Oo Kglmr
 
Issg prmhrissîm ì ukg suostltulèîm pgrg m turegrmuef L QL ll Q. Ms fmls
nmkpgssms alegls amrkgk uk ll Q L em gnmrfi töelng fi OoKgb8 i usgk g lfilg
fi suostltulèîm
nmkuk fmfitrëtmem
eg kòslng quii aml
Bmi Tgss ieslegfg
Himrhi em ngpëtujm getirlmr. Issg lfilg ì
Oiesme.
 
Ms gnmrfis em nmkpgssm uk sîm suostltulèùis pgrg ms gnmrfis L i QL eg
prmhrissîm fi turegrmuef mrlhlegj L QL ll Q. Ì einissçrlm uk pmunm fi timrlg pgrg
ietiefir fg mefi surhik issis gnmrfis.
 
Tmr iequgetm, vmnâ fivi gniltgr g lfilg fi qui m gnmrfi Fk8 ì ukg suostltulèîm
nmkuk fm OoKgb8 i pmfi sir ietieflfm nmkm uk OoKgb< sik töelng. Ms
kòslnms fi bgzz emrkgjkieti gjtirgk g qugjlfgfi  fi qugjquir gnmrfi ik ukg
prmhrissîm. Eissi ngsm, m gnmrfi mrlhlegj OoKgb8 aml suostltuëfm pmr uk Fk8 i
fipmls m Fk8 tivi sug qugjlfgfi gjtirgfg pgrg uk Fmklegeti 8.
 
Eg sihuefg kitgfi fm nmkpgssm uk, m Fok8 pmfi sir vlstm nmkm ukg
suostltulèîm fm trëtmem pgrg m gnmrfi H8 mrlhlegj.
 
Qmnâ gpriefiu em ngpëtujm fmzi qui g suostltulèîm fm trëtmem emrkgjkieti sirlg
tmngfg nmkm uk gnmrfi fmklegeti 8 (nmkm em nmkpgssm qugtrm), kgs kgls ukg
viz g qugjlfgfi aml gjtirgfg. Fissg viz, g kufgeèg ì fi uk gnmrfi fmklegeti 8
pgrg uk gnmrfi k8. Vmngr uk grpibm Fok8 smori uk gnmrfi H8 nrlg uk smk fi
H7>o9o<.
 M risujtgfm fi tmfgs issgs suostltulèùis ì qui ukg prmhrissîm nrmkgtlngkieti
 fisniefieti aml nrlgfg g pgrtlr fm gnmrfi LLL (F8) gtì m gnmrfi L.

 
Qgji sgjlietgr qui g qugjlfgfi fi qugjquir  gnmrfi eissg siquâenlg pmfi sir
kmflalngfg, vmnâ pmfirlg tmngr ngfg gnmrfi ems prlkilrms qugtrm nmkpgssms
nmkm uk k8, fmklegeti 8, mu kiskm uk fmklegeti 8 gjtirgfm.
 
Mutrg nmlsg pgrg si tir ik kieti gm istufgr issg siquâenlg nmkm smjlstg ì qui g
prmhrissîm eissi ngpëtujm bç ì uk hrupm rijgtlvgkieti nmkpjixm fi suostltulèùis
fm slkpjis turegrmuef  L QL ll Q2
 

Nmkm eþs istgkms tmngefm suostltulèùis nmkpjixgs em smjm i g pgrti rëtklng

glefg tmngrç g siquâenlg fi gnmrfis mrlhlegj, eîm `ç einisslfgfi fi mutrgs lfilgs
fi suostltulèùis. M muvleti emrkgjkieti bç istç isnutgefm suostltulèùis
letirissgetis.
 
M kij`mr g agzir ì levistlr ik lfilgs slkpjis i amrtis rltklngkieti qui rigjnik
njgrgkieti ms grpibms ietri pgrâetisis.
 
Nmkini gpriefiefm ms gnmrfis qui amrkgrgk g ogsi fg siquâenlg fi grpibms.
 

Ikomrg eþs pufìssikms gpriefir issg prmhrissîm gpiegs ik ukg pmslèîm fm

orgèm, gpriefâ-jg fisniefietikieti ì kultm kgls açnlj. Lssm ems pirkltlrç muvlr
gs kufgeègs kgls agnljkieti i ivltgr ms flvirsms kmvlkietms nmkpjixms fi
grpibms
  qui mnmrrirlgk si g prmhrissîm amssi ieslegfg ik ukg piquieg çrig.
 Wugefm vmnâ istlvir nmeamrtçvij nmk issis amrkgtms fi gnmrfis, gpriefg ms sius

grpibms2
 

Gsslk nmkm gs lfilgs em ngpëtujm fmzi, ì òtlj amngr ik gpriefir issis grpibms
ik nmrfgs ghufgs pgrg qui gs ixtiesùis i gjtirgèùis fms gnmrfis mrlhlegls sibgk
njgrgkieti muvlfgs.
 
@ç fugs aglxgs fi auefm eissi ngpëtujm. G prlkilrg tik g siquâenlg fi gnmrfis
purg i g sihuefg mrlhlegj L QL ll Q pgrg qui vmnâ pmssg muvlr
njgrgkieti m iailtmtik g prmhrissîm
fissgs suostltulèùis.
 
Nmkini usgefm sikëelkgs pgrg gn`gr ngkle`ms ietri ngfg grpibm.
 
 

Ixikpjm 7>g2
 

Ixikpjm 7>o2 (Lesirlefm nmjn`ilgs)

 

Ixikpjm 7>n2 (V
(Vmfgs
mfgs nmjn`ilgs)
nmj n`ilgs)
 

Ì pmssëvij lesirlr gjhues rltkms kgls letirissgetis eissgs kufgeègs.

  

Ixikpjm 7>f2
 

Ixikpjm 7>i2
 

Fipmls, gflnlmei lfilgs nrmkçtlngs ietri gs kufgeègs.

 Ixikpjm
Ixikpjm 7>a2
 
 

Ixikpjm 7>h2
 

Alegjkieti, vgkms usgr gs suostltulèùis >-< ems gnmrfis Nk8 i OoKgb8.

 

Ixikpjm 7>`2
 
 

Ixikpjm 7>l2
 

Gs suostltulèùis
prçtlng pgrg sirikeissi ngpëtujm sîm
letiregjlzgfgs. oik gvgeègfgs
Ikomrg i ixlhik
ms ixirnënlms kultm tikpmpgrg
sibgk lkpmrtgetis fi
gpriefir g timrlg i gpjlngèîm fgs suostltulèùis, m oieiaënlm pgrg g guflèîm sirç fi
jmehm prgzm.
 
M mobitlvm prlenlpgj ì sir ngpgz fi muvlr nmkm issgs suostltulèùis smgk em
nmetixtm pgrg qui vmnâ istibg jlvri pgrg nrlgr kijmflgs sik si primnupgr nmk
grpibms i timrlg.
 
Wugefm istlvir prmetm, gpjlqui gs lfilgs fissi ngpëtujm eg sihuleti çrig fm
orgèm.
 
 

 
 

Ngpëtujm Wugtmrzi2 Kgls Trmhrissùis

Ikomrg iu tie`g tietgfm sir m kgls kleunlmsm pmssëvij eg gomrfghik fi
prmhrissùis usugls fi bgzz, `ç leaijlzkieti gjhukgs siquâenlgs qui iu eîm tlvi
ispgèm pgrg lenjulr. Ms ixikpjms fgfms eg pgrti prlenlpgj fissi jlvrm fivik sir
sug prlmrlfgfi, kgs `ç gjhukgs mutrgs prmhrissùis qui vmnâ fivi nme`inir.
 
G sihulr, `ç uk orivi risukm fissgs prmhrissùis fi gnmrfis. Iu ispirm qui gpþs
jir issi jlvrm, vmnâ pmssg gpjlngr ms kìtmfms ieslegfms pgrg fmklegr
rgplfgkieti issgs emvgs prmhrissùis.
 
Qgrlgèùis _ëtklngs Tmeti
 
Issg ì ukg prmhrissîm ixtrikgkieti usugj pmrqui ì g pgrti kiflgeg fi
qugjquir kòslng nmk "kufgeègs fi rltkm" nmkm "L Hmt _`yt`k" mu "Mjim".
Issg siquâenlg eîm tik uk ngpëtujm prþprlm pmrqui g kglmr pgrti fijg aml
gomrfgfg em ngpëtujm fmls.
 

Kmvlkietm Fisniefieti fg Vöelng ik uk Gnmrfi Kiemr

 
Issg siquâenlg mnmrri ik flvirsgs kòslngs kiemris, nmkm "Ky Aueey
Qgjietlei" i "\istirfgys", qugefm `ç uk pirëmfm prmjmehgfm ik uk gnmrfi
kiemr. G lfilg ì qui g töelng fm gnmrfi (eissi ngsm, Oo) fisèg uk sikltmk pmr
 nmkpgssm.
 

 
 

Qgrlgèùis Jgfyolrf
 
Issi ì uk turegrmuef pmunm usugj qui alnmu agkmsm em tikg fi bgzz Jgfyolrf.

Fgs trâs siquâenlgs fi gnmrfis eissi ngpëtujm, gs fugs prlkilrgs sîm

fialeltlvgkieti flhegs fi si levistlr gjhuk tikpm, pmls gpgrinik
ariquietikieti ems tikgs fi bgzz. Ysi m kìtmfm qui vmnâ gpriefiu eissi jlvrm
i istufi gs kufgeègs ik piquiems hrupms fi nmrfgs getis fi tmngr jle`gs
jmehgs, leslrg nrmkgtlskms i nrli kijmflgs.
 
M virfgfilrm sihrifm ì muvlr i trgesnrivir gquljm qui sius kòslnms agvmrltms
tmngk. G isnmj`g
emrkgjkieti g geçjlsifi fmemtgs
istljmfijis
fijis lrç
pmfikultgs
ti gorlrvizis
kultgsti pmrtgs
surpriiefir, kgs
letirissgetis
nmkm lkprmvlsgfmr
lkprmvlsg fmr..
 
Gjìk flssm, muèg qugefm ms hrgefis fm bgzz tmngk sugs argsis i tieti nmplç-jms.
 
@ç kultgs mutrgs amrkgs letirissgetis fi prgtlngr vgrlgèùis i m ngpëtujm g sihulr
ti fç gjhukgs lfilgs prçtlngs qui sîm òtils pgrg fisievmjvir sug guflèîm i
fmkëelm fm orgèm.
 
 

Ngpëtujm Wulezi2 Ixirnënlms pgrg

Trgtlngr Kufgeègs
Gs flngs prçtlngs eissi ngpëtujm sîm gjhukgs flrièùis i istrgtìhlgs pgrg gbufç-jm
g kikmrlzgr lkpmrtgetis prmhrissùis, grpibms i smes. Em auefm, ijgs si risukik
g fisievmjvir siu nme`inlkietm fm orgèm siefm oik ispinëalnm ik rijgèîm äs
emtgs qui vmnâ istç tmngefm ik ngfg gnmrfi i qugefm vmnâ gs tmng.
 
Ngfg grpibm eissi jlvrm ì kmstrgfm ik uk flghrgkg nmk ngfg letirvgjm fm
grpibm kgrngfm. Gs töelngs sîm kmstrgfgs nmkm qugfrgfms i mutrgs emtgs fm
grpibm sîm kmstrgfgs nmkm nërnujms.
 
Nmkm vmnâ sgoi, nirtgs emtgs sîm kgls amrtis pgrg si "smjitrgr" ms gnmrfis, gs
emtgs kgls lkpmrtgetis ik qugjquir gnmrfi sîm g >ª i 8ª.
 
Gm amngr ik letirvgjms ispinëalnms fi uk gnmrfi ik siu trilem, vmnâ eîm
fisievmjvi gpiegs `goljlfgfis em orgèm, kgs tgkoìk sius muvlfms. Qmnâ eueng
gpriefirç kòslng gpiegs mj`gefm flghrgkgs em pgpij. G kòslng prinlsg sir
muvlfg i sietlfg.  Qmnâ sgoi qugj g siesgèîm  hirgfg pmr ukg emeg smori uk
gnmrfi kglmr=
 
Ms ixirnënlms g sihulr ti gbufgrîm g nmeintgr sius muvlfms g sug hultgrrg.
 G jlstg fi lfilgs fi trilem aml nulfgfmsgkieti sijinlmegfg. Ijgs pmfik ti tmkgr
kisis mu gems fi trilem i kiskm ms kij`mris kòslnms tirîm flalnujfgfi pgrg
rigjlzgr tmfgs. Eîm quir flzir qui sibgk lkpmssëvils, kgs sîm trgogj`msgs.
 
Nmkini isnmj`iefm ukg siquâenlg fi gnmrfis mu kòslng qui vmnâ nme`ièg
oik, nmjmqui ukg aglxg fi auefm i ietîm ixpjmri gs sihuletis lfilgs.
 
-  Vmngr gpiegs g töelng fi ngfg gnmrfi em tikpm uk.
-  Vmngr gpiegs g tirèg fi ngfg gnmrfi em tikpm uk.
-  Vmngr gpiegs g sìtlkg fi ngfg gnmrfi em tikpm uk.
 
 Vmngr gpiegs g quletg fi ngfg gnmrfi em tikpm uk.
-  Vmngr gpiegs g emeg fi ngfg gnmrfi em tikpm uk (egturgj mu o</#<

smori fmklegeti auenlmegj).

-  Vmngr g >ª i ietîm g 8ª.
-  Vmngr g 8ª i ietîm g >ª.
-  Vmngr g >ª i 8ª buetgs nmkm uk olnmrfi.
 
-  Vmngr
Vmquig uk
töelng, >ª i 8ªgoglxm
sikltmk buetgs fg
nmkm uk ignmrfi.
töelng fipmls g töelng fi ngfg gnmrfi
(tieti lssm nmk g emtg fi gprmxlkgèîm fi sikltmk em nmetrgtikpm fm
nmkpgssm getirlmr i ripmusi eg töelng fm tikpm uk)
-  _ipltg m pgssm getirlmr, kgs tmqui uk sikltmk goglxm fm gjvm em
tikpm i eg emtg gjvm em nmetrg-tikpm.
-  _ipltg ms fmls pgssms getirlmris nmk g >ª, fipmls g 8ª i alegjkieti g 9ª.
-  Vmqui uk sikltmk goglxm fm gjvm, ukg emtg fg isngjg gnlkg fm gjvm
i, alegjkieti, tmqui g emtg gjvm.
-  _ipltg tmfms ms pgssms getirlmris, kgs fissg viz amqui em tikpm fmls
fm nmkpgssm.
-  _ipltg, kgs amqui em tikpm trâs fm nmkpgssm
-  _ipltg, kgs amqui em tikpm qugtrm fm nmkpgssm
-  Amqui eg töelng gsniefiefm g pgrtlr fi fmls sikltmes goglxm ik
nmjn`ilgs. Tmr ixikpjm, amqui eg emtg N nmk g siquâenlg Oo, O, N.
-  _ipltg m pgssm getirlmr, kgs amngefm g >ª.
-  Amqui eg 8ª.
-  Amqui eg 9ª.
-  Amqui eg <ª.
 

-  Vmqui g >ª, 8ª i <ª ik siquâenlg (#< mu o< ik ukg fmklegeti)

-  Vmqui g >ª, 8ª i <ª ik siquâenlg.
-  _ipltg ms fmls pgssms getirlmris nmk ms letirvgjms tmngfms nmkm uk
gnmrfi.
-  Vmqui ms grpibms fisniefietikieti gtì g ixtiesîm kçxlkg qui pufir.
-  Vmqui ms grpibms gsniefietikieti gtì g ixtiesîm kçxlkg qui pufir.
-  Vmqui qugtrm nmjn`ilgs, ripmusi ukg nmjn`ilg i nmetleui issg
siquâenlg pgrg nrlgr ixnijietis lfilgs fi fisjmngkietm.
-  Vmqui argsis nmk fugs nmjn`ilgs.
-  Vmqui argsis nmk trâs nmjn`ilgs.
-  Vmqui argsis nmk nlenm nmjn`ilgs.
-  Vmqui argsis fi uk nmkpgssm nmkiègefm em tikpm fmls.
-  Vmqui argsis fi uk nmkpgssm nmkiègefm em tikpm trâs.
-  Vmqui argsis fi uk nmkpgssm nmkiègefm em tikpm qugtrm.
-  _ipltg ms trâs pgssms nmkiègefm ems nmetrg-tikpms (ms "i" fi ngfg
tikpm).
 
Issg jlstg ti fç gjhukgs ixnijietis flngs pgrg siu trilem. Iu rinmkiefm qui vmnâ
isnmj`g ukg lfilg i prgtlqui-g nmk galenm ik ukg kòslng pmr uk tikpm getis
fi pgrtlr pgrg ukg lfilg flairieti eg kiskg kòslng. Nmjmqui gjhues fissis
ixirnënlms ik sius trilems i vmnâ muvlrç rgplfgkieti g kij`mrg.
 
^i ukg lfilg amr kultm flaënlj, tieti mutrg, kgs sibg mobitlvm gm fialelr ixirnënlms
fisgalgfmris i qugls istîm gnlkg fm siu eëvij gtugj. Nmkm vmnâ bç istç istufgefm
ms smjms smori vgrlgèùis fi bgzz, iu gnrifltm qui ms qulezi prlkilrms ixirnënlms
istibgk ems eëvils gprmprlgfms.
 
Trgtlqui ik pirëmfms nurtms. Jlhui uk nrmeökitrm pmr qulezi kleutms i pgri
qugefm iji tmngr. Agèg ukg pgusg i vmjti pgrg mutrm trilem kgls tgrfi.
 
Hrgvi sius trilems ik vëfim. Lssm eîm sþ ti pripgrgrç pgrg tmngr gm vlvm nmkm ti
gbufgrç g kiflr sug ivmjuèîm. Eîm gsslstg g hrgvgèîm em kiskm flg, lssm ti
gbufgrç g sir mobitlvm i lkpgrnlgj smori sug piramrkgeni.
 
Qç fivghgr, vmnâ gpriefirç kgls i tirç kgls nmealgeèg gm agzir ukg nmlsg kultm
 oik
  fm qui agziefm fiz nmlsgs pringrlgkieti.
Vrgesnrivg, isnuti i smrrlg qugefm istlvir tmngefm.

 
 

Nmenjusùis
 
Issi jlvrm gomrfmu gs vgrlgèùis fi gnmrfis kgls nmkues qui vmnâ ienmetrgrç
nmkm hultgrrlstg fi bgzz. Ikomrg vmnâ vç ienmetrgr nirtgkieti mutrgs
siquâenlgs, vmnâ alngrç surprism nmk qugetgs vizis si fipgrgrç nmk issgs
vgrlgèùis auefgkietgls em bgzz.
 
Wugefm vmnâ ienmetrgr emvgs vgrlgèùis, ijgs emrkgjkieti sirîm ukg
suostltulèîm mu ukg prmhrissîm gomrfgfg eissi jlvrm. G prlkilrg nmlsg g agzir ì
vir m nmetixtm em qugj gs vgrlgèùis sîm tmngfgs. Tmr ixikpjm, si g emvg
siquâenlg fi gnmrfis istç ems òjtlkms fmls mu qugtrm nmkpgssms fi ukg kòslng,
ietîm ijg ì prmvgvijkieti gjhuk tlpm fi suostltulèîm pgrg uk ll Q L, uk L QL ll Q
mu uk lll QL ll Q. Eik sikpri sirç gsslk, kgs bç ì uk omk nmkièm.
 
^i vmnâ suspiltgr qui g emvg siquâenlg fi gnmrfis ì ukg suostltulèîm pgrg uk
turegrmuef, vibg qugls letirvgjms gs emtgs eg emvg siquâenlg amrkgrlgk smori g
siquâenlg mrlhlegj, gsslk nmkm alzikms em ngpëtujm qugtmrzi.
 
M kmvlkietm fi oglxm nrmkçtlnm ì emrkgjkieti uk slegj fi ukg suostltulèîm
fm trëtmem i eîm isquièg qui m gnmrfi llk8 fg suostltulèîm tgkoìk ì usgfg.
 
Qibg m kmvlkietm fm oglxm ietri ms gnmrfis fmklegetis ik ukg siquâenlg
nmkpjixg
fmklegeti, i ietîm
si amr vmnâ
nrmkçtlnm
istgrçietri ijisprmvgvijkieti
viefm i `muvir gnmrfis
ukg k8 ietri ngfg
siquâenlg fi
suostltulèùis fm trëtmem nmk m llk8 fi ngfg gnmrfi gflnlmegfm.
 
Emrkgjkieti em Jlvrm _igj, vmnâ virç gs "vgrlgèùis gjtiregtlvgs" isnrltgs gnlkg
nmkm ukg slkpjis prmhrissîm fi gnmrfis. Ykg þtlkg amrkg fi gpriefir
suostltulèùis fi grpibms ì pgssgr gjhuk tikpm prgtlngefm nmkm isnrivir
suostltulèùis rijgnlmegfgs gms gnmrfis mrlhlegls.
 
^i ukg prmhrissîm fi gnmrfis amr nmkpjitgkieti emvg pgrg vmnâ, ms kìtmfms
kmstrgfms eissi jlvrm fivik pirkltlr qui vmnâ g fmklei rgplfgkieti. M
 sihrifm ì amngr ik tmngr ms gnmrfis smori ukg piquieg çrig ik fugs nmrfgs.
Gms pmunms kmvg-si em hrupm fi fugs nmrfgs gm jmehm fm orgèm i slhg pgrg

hrupms fi trâs i qugtrm nmrfgs.

Amngr ik ukg çrig tîm piquieg pmfi pgrinir ixghirm, kgs iu hgrgetm qui vmnâ
gpriefirç i letiregjlzgrç gs vgrlgèùis kultm kgls rçplfm fissi biltm.
  rgfgtlvgkieti, nmkini g "jlhgr ms pmetms" nmk emtgs fi gprmxlkgèîm
Hrgfgtlvgkieti,
H
nrmkçtlng i fipmls leslrg nmjn`ilgs em tikpm qugtrm. Wugetm kgls kòslngs vmnâ
trilegr, kgls slkpjis issi prmnissm si tmregrç. Getis qui pirniog, vmnâ sirç
ngpgz fi tmngr uk smjm fi bgzz nmevlenieti smori qugjquir tikg fi bgzz. Wugetm
kgls tmngr, kgls rçplfm lrç rinme`inir prmhrissùis slkljgris gnmetiniefm
ripitlfgs vizis.
 
Jikori-si fi prgtlngr g kijmflg i rltkm.  Flvlfg sugs argsis pgrg gflnlmegr
kuslngjlfgfi i riquleti gms sius smjms. M oiomp, eg sug plmr amrkg, pmfi gngogr
vlrgefm ukg nmkpitlèîm pgrg vir quik tmng gs kglmris jle`gs ik nmjn`ilgs.
 
Muèg ms grtlstgs qui vmnâ hmstg i vibg mefi ijis agzik pgusgs ietri gs argsis. M
oiomp ì uk istljm qui si fisievmjviu ems sgxmameis i trmkpitis. G òelng nmlsg
qui issis lestrukietms tâk ik nmkuk ì qui m kòslnm prinlsg risplrgr getis fi
ngfg argsi, m qui j`is fç ukg vgetghik egturgj em argsigfm.
 
Nmkm hultgrrlstgs, ì qugsi sikpri ukg oieèîm qui emssgs jle`gs eîm einissltik
fg emssg risplrgèîm. Tmr lssm, ì açnlj isquinirkms fi flvlflr emssgs jle`gs ik
argsis kiemris. Muèg hrgefis sgxmamelstgs i trmkpitlstgs si vmnâ qulsir
ietiefir nmkm ì m argsigfm fm oiomp.
 
Kòslnms kgls kmfirems, nmkm Tgt Kgrtlem, tmngk jle`gs ixtrikgkieti jmehgs
ik nmjn`ilgs i siklnmjn`ilgs. Ietritgetm, issgs jle`gs sîm grtlnujgfgs nmk uk
lenrëvij nmetrmji fg pgj`itgfg i fg fleïklng. Issgs jle`gs kgls jmehgs tâk ukg
istruturg letireg ixtrikgkieti flaënlj fi ripjlngr.
 
Kultms hultgrrlstgs i tinjgflstgs hmstgk fi ngetgr gs jle`gs qui tmngk. Lssm eîm
sþ gbufg g nmeintgr emssms muvlfms gms fifms eg hultgrrg, kgs tgkoìk ems amrèg
g pgrgr fi tmngr pgrg risplrgr. Himrhi Oiesme ì uk kistri elssm.
 
M kij`mr nmesij`m qui pmssm fgr ì pgrg vmnâ istufgr issis ixirnënlms i tgkoìk
 trgesnrivir
  hrgefis smjms qui usgk issgs prmhrissùis.
^ikpri istibg trgogj`gefm ik ukg trgesnrlèîm, kiskm qui sibg furgeti gpiegs

nlenm kleutms pmr flg. Gjìk flssm, gtugjkieti ixlstik kultgs trgesnrlèùis fi
qugjlfgfi fi hrgefis grtlstgs tmngefm. Iu sikpri tie`m ukg trgesnrlèîm fi Bmi
Tgss i Xis Kmethmkiry nmklhm3 i tietgr fmklegr m argsigfm fijis tmkg g kglmr
pgrti fg kle`g rmtleg fi trilems gtugjkieti.
 Em
Em auefm, ms ixirnënlms eissi jlvrm ti ieslegrîm mefi gs emtgs "nmrritgs" istîm eg
hultgrrg i nmkm istruturgr siu smjm gm rifmr fijgs. Ietiefir nmkm ì
virfgfilrgkieti usgfm m vmngoujçrlm fm bgzz ì ukg mutrg tgriag.
 
Issi jlvrm mairini ms gjlnirnis fg nmestruèîm fi smjms em bgzz, ikomrg issi tlpm
fi trilem sibg issienlgj, trgesnrivir i gpriefir smjms fms kistris ì qui
trgesamrkgrç issis pifgèms ik kòslng virfgfilrg.
 
Flvlrtg-si!
 
Bmsip`
 

Letihri-si
Tgrg nietiegs fi gujgs fi hultgrrg hrçtls, gnissi www.auefgkietgj-
n`gehis.nmk
 
Bueti-si g kgls fi 9944 pissmgs qui rinioik sils gujgs fi hultgrrg hrgtultgs
flgrlgkieti em Agniommc2
 
www.agniommc.nmk/AuefgkietgjN`gehisLeHultgr
 
Alqui pmr fietrm fgs emvlfgfis em Vwlttir2
 
DHultgr]Bmsip`
 

Vwlttir2 Dhultgr ]bmsip`
Vwlttir2  ]bmsip`
AO2 AuefgkietgjN`gehisLeHultgr
Lestghrgk2 AuefgkietgjN`gehis
 
 

Mutrms jlvrms fg
fg Auef
Auefgkietgj
gkietgj N`gehis
M Hulg Nmkpjitm pgr
Nmkpjitm  pgrg
g Vmngr Ojui
Ojuiss eg
e g Hultg
Hu ltgrrg
rrg Jlvrm Yk2 Hultgrrg Ogsi
M Hulg Nmkpjitm pgrg V mngr
mngr Ojuis eg Hultgrrg Jlvrm
Hultgrrg Jlvrm Fmls2 Argsis Kijþflngs
M Hulg Nmkpjitm pgrg Vmngr  Ojuis
 Ojuis eg Hultgrrg Jlvr
Hultgrrg  Jlvrm
m Vrâ s2 Gjìk
Gj ìk fgs
f gs Tiet
Tietgtö
gtöelng
elngss
M Hulg Nmkpjitm pgr
Nmkpjitm  pgrg
g Vmngr Ojui
Ojuiss eg
e g Hultgrrg - Nmkpljgèîm
M ^lstikg NGHIF
NGHIF i 744 Jlncs fi Ojuis
fi  Ojuis eg Hultgrrg
 Kufgeèg
 Kuf geègss  Auefg
 Auefgkiet
kietgls
gls eg Hultg
H ultgrrg
rrg B gzz2
gzz2 ll Q L Kglmr 
ll Q Kiemr Fmklegefm g Hultgrrg Bgz z
^mjms eg Hultgrrg2 Bgzz i Ojuis
 Isngjgs
 Isng jgs fi Hult
Hultgrr
grrg
g Nmetix
Nm etixtug
tugjlz
jlzgfg
gfgss
 Fmklegef
 Fmkl egefm
m Gnmrfis
Gnm rfis fi Bgz
Bgzzz eg Hultgrrg (Gnmrfis fi Hultgrrg Nmetixtugjlzgfms Tgrti Fmls)
Vì nelng
n elng Nmkpjitg pgrg Hultgrrg Kmf
Hultgrrg  Kmfireg
ireg
 Fmklege
 Fmk legefm
fm g Hultg
Hu ltgrrg
rrg Auec
Nmkpljgèîm Nmk pji
 pjitg
tg fi Vìne
Vìnelng,
lng, Vimrl
Vimrlgg i Isngjgs eg Hultgrrg
 Fmklegef
 Fmkl egefm
m Jilt
J ilturg
urg fi Emtg
Emtgèîm
èîm eg Hultg
H ultgrrg
rrg
Hultgrrg _mnc N 
 GHIF22 M ^ls
 GHIF ^lstikg
tikg NGHI
NGHIFF i 744 Jlnc
Jlnc s
 s pgrg
p grg Hult grr
grrgg _mnc
_m nc
M Hulg
Hu lg Trçtlnm fi Vimrlg Kuslngj Kmfireg pgrg Hultgrrlstgs
 Gujgss fi
 Gujg f i Hultg
Hu ltgrrg
rrg Leln lget
lgeti2
i2 M Hulg
Hu lg Iss
Issienl
ienlgj
gj
N`mrf Vmei
Vmei ik ^mjms eg Hultgrrg Bgzz
Hultgrrg Ogsi @igvy kitgj
Hultgrrg ^mjm @igvy Kitgj
^mjms Ixþtlnms nmk Tietgtöelngs eg Hultgrrg
Hultgrrg Ogsi @igvy kitgj
Qmlni Jigfleh eg Hultgrrg Bgzz
^mjms em Bgzz Nmkpljgèîm Nmkpjitg
Ms Gnmrfis fi Bgzz eg Hultgrrg Nmkpljgèîm
Hultgrrg Ojuis Alehirstyji
^mjms fi _mnc Kijþflnms eg Hultgrrg
Tmp i _mnc Ycujiji2 pgj`itgfg