1.
Give the definition of environmental geology as a branch of environmental science and as applied geology:
● environmental geology as a branch of environmental science is the science of linkages between physical, biological, and
social processes in the study of the environment,
● as applied geology,it is define as The application of geologic information to the entire spectrum of interactions between
people and our physical environment.
2. state the criteria for natural processes to be classified as natural disaster
✓ Ten or more people are killed
✓ one hundred or more people are affected
✓ a state of emergency is declared
✓ international assistance is needed
3. Differentiate between species richness and genetic diversity
● a fundamental measure of biodiversity that quantifies the number of different species found within a specific
area or
● ecosystem whiles genetic diversity refers to a fundamental measure of biodiversity that quantifies the number
of different species found within a specific area or ecosystem
List any two factors that reduce biodiversity :
● Pollution
● Climate change
● Deforestation
5. What is mean carrying capacity
6.consider the huge demand for water in freetown ,suggest any two ways of
addressing water pollution problems
● Wastewater treatment
● Public awareness campaign
7.Give any three important of application of the understanding of soil in
environmental geology
8. State any three of the argument put forward by opponents of channelization of natural
streams as a solution to the flood hazard
• Drainage of wetlands adversely affects plants
and animals by eliminating habitats necessary for the survival of certain species.
• Cutting trees along the stream eliminates shading and cover for fish and exposes the stream
to the sun; the exposure results in damage to plant life and heat-sensitive aquatic organisms.
• Cutting hardwood trees on the floodplain eliminates the habitats of many animals and birds,
while facilitating erosion and siltation of the stream.
• Straightening and modifying the streambed destroys both the diversity of flow patterns
9. State the definition of peak oil its impact on socio economic environment
● Peak oil is the term for the concept that a time will come when one-half of Earth’s oil has
been extracted and used.
10.state the meaning of biogeochemical cycle and its significance
● Biogeochemical cycle Movement of a chemical element or compound through the various
Earth systems including atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere.
● Its significance
11.Define ecological restoration and give any two example
● ecological restoration the process of altering a site or an area with the objective of reestablishing
indigenous, historical ecosystems.
12. List the sub cycles within the geologic cycle and define any two
● 1- tectonic cycle. · 2- hydrologic cycle. · 3- rock cycle. · 4- biogeochemical cycle
Rock cycle the rock cycle is a continuous, geological process where rocks of different types
(igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic) are transformed from one type to another through
various geological processes like weathering, erosion, heat, and pressure
● Tectonic cycle is the continuous process of destruction and construction of the crustal plate.
● Biogeochemical cycle Movement of a chemical element or compound through the various
Earth systems including atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere.
13.state the meaning of desertification and list any four of its driving forces
● Desertification Conversion of land from a more productive state to one more nearly resembling
a desert
● Protection and improvement of high-quality land rather than dedication of time and money to
poor land
• Application of simple, sound range management techniques to protect the land from
overgrazing by livestock
• Application of sound conservation measures to agricultural lands to protect soil resources
• Use of appropriate technology to increase crop production, allowing poorer lands to be
returned to less-intensive land uses than intensive agriculture (e.g., forestry, wildlife, grazing)
• Increased land restoration efforts through vegetation management, sand dune stabilization,
and control of soil erosion
14.How can we use the current understanding of natural hazards in the
present to determine the future
15.Global warming
Global warming is defined as climate change that causes an increase in the
temperature of Earth's lower atmosphere.
Global dimming
refers to the observed decrease in the amount of solar radiation reaching the
Earth's surface.
Climate forcing
is an imposed change on the energy balance of the earth
Anthropogenic forcing
16.state the factors that makes the sanitary land sanitary
17.
