06B: Projectile Motion
Projectile Motion
A projectile is a particle moving near
the Earth’s surface under the
influence of its weight only (directed
downward).
W
W W
a=g
Vertical and Horizontal
Motion
Simultaneously
dropping a yellow ball
and projecting a red ball
horizontally.
W W Why do they strike the
ground at the same
time?
Once
Once motion
motion hashas begun,
begun, the
the downward
downward
weight
weight is
is the
the only
only force
force on
on each
each ball.
ball.
Consider Horizontal and
Vertical Motion
Separately:
Compare Displacements and
Velocities
1s 2s 3s
0 s vox
0s
vx 1s
vy
vx
Horizontal velocity 2s
doesn’t change. vy vx
3s
Vertical velocity
just like free fall. vy
Displacement Calculations for
Horizontal Projection:
2
For any constant x vot 1
2 at
acceleration:
For the special case of horizontal
projection:
a 0; a g v 0; v v
x y oy ox o
Horizontal x vox t
displacement:
2
Vertical y gt
1
2
displacement:
Velocity Calculations for
Horizontal Projection (cont.):
For any constant v f vo at
acceleration:
For the special case of a projectile:
ax 0; a y g voy 0; vox vo
Horizontal velocity: vx vox
Vertical velocity: v y vo gt
Example 1: A baseball is hit with a
horizontal speed of 25 m/s. What
is its position and velocity after 2
s?
x +50 m
25 m/s y
-19.6 m
First find horizontal and vertical
displacements:
x vox t (25 m/s)(2 s) xx =
= 50.0
50.0
mm
2 2 2
y 2 gt 2 ( 9.8 m/s )(2 s) yy =
1 1
= -19.6
-19.6
m
m
Example 1 Cont.): What are the
velocity components after 2 s?
25 m/s
vx
v0x = 25 m/s
v0y = 0 vy
Find horizontal and vertical velocity after 2 s:
vx vox (25 m/s) vvxx =
= 25.0
25.0
m/s
2m/s
v y voy at 0 ( 9.8 m/s )(2 s)
vvyy =
= -19.6
-19.6
Consider Projectile at an
Angle:
AA red
red ball
ball is
is projected
projected atat an angle qq.. At
an angle At the
the
same
same time,
time, aa yellow
yellow ball
ball is
is thrown
thrown
vertically
vertically upward
upward and and aa green
green ball
ball rolls
rolls
horizontally
horizontally (no(no friction).
friction).
vx = vox = constant
voy vo v y voy at
2
q a 9.8 m/s
vox
Note vertical and horizontal motions of
balls
Displacement Calculations For
General Projection:
The components of displacement at time t
are: 2
2
x vox t ax t
1
2
y voy t a y t
1
2
For ax 0; a y g ; voy 0; vox vo
projectiles:
Thus, the x vox t
displacement
2
components x and y y voy t 2 gt
1
for projectiles are:
Velocity Calculations For
General Projection:
The components of velocity at time t
are:
vx vox ax t v y voy a y t
For ax 0; a y g ; voy 0; vox vo
projectiles:
Thus, the velocity vx vox constant
components vx and vy
for projectiles are: v y voy gt
Problem-Solving Strategy:
1. Resolve initial velocity vo into
components:
v vo
oy
q vox vo cos ; voy vo sin
vox
2. Find components of final position and
velocity:
Displacement: Velocity:
x vox t vx v0 x
2 2
y voy t gt
1
2 v y voy gt
Problem Strategy (Cont.):
3. The final position and velocity can be
found from the components.
R y
y
q
2
R x y ; 2
tan
x
x
voy vo vy
q
2 2
v v v ;
x y tan
vx
vox
4. Use correct signs - remember g is
negative or positive depending on your
initial choice.
Example 2: A ball has an initial
velocity of 160 ft/s at an angle of 30o
with horizontal. Find its position and
velocity after 2 s and after 4 s.
voy 160 ft/s v (160 ft/s) cos 300 139 ft/s
ox
0
30ov voy (160 ft/s) sin 30 80.0 ft/s
ox
Since vx is constant, the horizontal
displacements after 2 and 4 seconds are:
x vox t (139 ft/s)(2 s) xx22 =
= 278
278 ft
ft
x vox t (139 ft/s)(4 s) xx44 =
= 556
556 ft
ft
Example 2 (Cont.): Next we find the
vertical components of position after 2 s
and after 4 s.
voy= 80 ft/s g = -32 ft/s2
160 ft/s
y2
y4
q
0 1 2 3 4
s s s s s
The vertical displacement as function of
2 time: 2 2
y voy t 2 gt (80 ft/s)t 2 ( 32 ft/s )t
1 1
2
y 80t 16t Observe consistent
units.
(Cont.) Signs of y will indicate
location of displacement (above + or
below – origin).
voy= 80 ft/s g = -32 ft/s2
160 ft/s
96 ft y2
64 ft y4
q
0 1 2 3 4
s s s s s
2
Vertical y 80t 16t
position:
2 2
y2 80(2 s) 16(2 s) y4 80(4 s) 16(4 s)
y2 96 ft y4 = 64 ft Each above origin
(+)
(Cont.): Next we find horizontal and
vertical components of velocity after 2
and 4 s.
voy 160 ft/s v (160 ft/s) cos 300 139 ft/s
ox
0
30ov voy (160 ft/s) sin 30 80.0 ft/s
ox
Since
Since vvxx is
is constant,
constant, vvxx =
= 139
139 ft/s
ft/s at
at all
all
times.
times.
Vertical velocity is same as if vertically
projected: 2
v y voy gt ; where g 32 ft/s
At any v y voy (32 ft/s)t
vx 139 ft/s
time t:
Example 2: (Continued)
vy= 80.0 v2 g = -32 ft/s2
ft/s
160 ft/s
v4
q
0 1 2 3 4
s s s s s
At any v y voy (32 ft/s)t
vx 139 ft/s
time t:
vy = 80 ft/s – (32 ft/s2) vv2y = 16.0 ft/s
2y = 16.0 ft/s
(2s)
vy = 80 ft/s – (32 ft/s2) vv4y
4y
=
= -48.0
-48.0 ft/s
ft/s
(4s)
Example 2: (Continued)
vy= 80.0 v2 g = -32 ft/s2
ft/s
160 ft/s Moving Moving
Up +16 down -48
ft/s ft/s v4
q
0 1 2 3 4
s s s s s
The signs of vy indicate whether motion
is up (+) or down (-) at any time t.
At
At 22 s:
s: vv2x = 139 ft/s; v 2y =
2x = 139 ft/s; v2y =++ 16.0
16.0
ft/s
ft/s
At
At 44 s:
s: vv4x
4x
=
= 139
139 ft/s;
ft/s; v
v 4y
4y
=
= -- 48.0
48.0 ft/s
ft/s
(Cont.): The displacement R2,q is found
from the x2 and y2 component
displacements.
t=2 y
R x y2 2
tan
s x
R2 y2 = 96 ft
q
0 x2= 277 2 4
s ft s s
2 2 96 ft
R (277 ft) (96 ft) tan
277 ft
RR22 =
= 293
293 qq22 = 19.1
= 19.1 00
ft
ft
(Cont.): Similarly, displacement R4,q is
found from the x4 and y4 component
displacements.
t=4 y
R x y2 2
tan
s x
R4
y4 = 64
q
ft
0 x4= 554 4
s ft s
2 2 64 ft
R (554 ft) (64 ft) tan
554 ft
RR44 =
= 558
558 qq44 = 6.59
= 6.59 00
ft
ft
(Cont.): Now we find the velocity
after 2 s from the components vx
and vy.
voy= 80.0 v2 g = -32 ft/s2
ft/s
160 ft/s Moving v2x = 139 ft/s
Up +16
ft/s v2y = + 16.0 ft/s
q
0 2
s s
2 2 16 ft
v2 (139 ft/s) (16 ft/s) tan
139 ft
vv22 =
= 140
140 ft/s
ft/s qq22 =
= 6.56
6.5600
(Cont.) Next, we find the velocity
after 4 s from the components v4x
and v4y.
voy= 80.0 g = -32 ft/s2
ft/s
160 ft/s v4x = 139 ft/s
v4y = - 48.0 ft/s v4
q
0 4
s s
46 ft
v4 (139 ft/s) 2 ( 46 ft/s) 2 tan 4
139 ft
vv44 =
= 146
146 ft/s
ft/s qq44 = 341.7
= 341.7 00
Example 3: What are maximum height
and range of a projectile if vo = 28 m/s
at 300?
voy 28 m/s vox = 24.2 m/s
vy = 0 ymax v = + 14 m/s
oy
30ov
ox
0
vox (28 m/s) cos 30 24.2 m/s
0
voy (28 m/s) sin 30 14 m/s
Maximum y-coordinate occurs when vy =
0: v y voy gt 14 m/s ( 9.8 m/s 2 )t 0
ymax occurs when 14 – 9.8t = 0 or t =
Example 3(Cont.): What is maximum
height of the projectile if v = 28 m/s at
300?
voy 28 m/s vox = 24.2 m/s
vy = 0 ymax v = + 14 m/s
oy
30ov
ox
Maximum y-coordinate occurs when t =
1.43 s: 1 2 2
y voy t 2 gt 14(1.43) 2 ( 9.8)(1.43)
1
y 20 m 10 m yymax = 10.0
max= 10.0
mm
Example 3(Cont.): Next, we find the
range of the projectile if v = 28 m/s at
300.
voy 28 m/s vox = 24.2 m/s
voy = + 14 m/s
30o vox
Range xr
The range xr is defined as horizontal
distance coinciding with the time for
vertical
The timereturn.
of flight is found by setting y
=2 0:
y voy t gt 0
1
2
(continued
)
Example 3(Cont.): First we find the
time of flight tr, then the range xr.
voy 28 m/s vox = 24.2 m/s
voy = + 14 m/s
30o vox
Range xr
2
y voy t gt 0
1
2
(Divide by t)
voy
2(14 m/s)
voy gt 0; t
1
2 2
; t 2.86 s
g -(-9.8 m/s )
xr = voxt = (24.2 m/s)(2.86 xxrr =
= 69.2
69.2
s); m
m
Example 4: A ball rolls off the top
of a table 1.2 m high and lands on
the floor at a horizontal distance
of 2 m. What was the velocity as it
left the table?
Note: x = voxt = 2 m
R 0
1.2 m y = voyt + ½ayt2 = -1.2 m
2m
2
First find t from y y gt 1.2 m
1
2
equation:
2( 1.2)
½(-9.8)t2 = - t
(1.2) 9.8
tt =
= 0.495
0.495
Example 4 (Cont.): We now use
horizontal equation to find vox leaving
the table top.
Note: x = voxt = 2 m
R
1.2 m y = ½gt2 = -1.2 m
2m
Use t = 0.495 s in x vox t 2 m
equation: 2m
v ox (0.495 s) = 2 m; vox
0.495 s
The ball leaves
vv =
= 4.04
4.04
the table with a
m/s
m/s
speed:
Example 4 (Cont.): What will be its
speed when it strikes the floor?
Note:
t = 0.495
vx = vox = 4.04
1.2 m s 0
2m vx m/s
v = v + gt
y y
vy
vy = 0 + (-9.8 m/s2)(0.495 vy = -4.85
s) m/s 4.85m
2
v (4.04 m/s) ( 4.85 m/s) 2 tan
4.04m
vv =
= 6.31
6.31 qq = 309.8
= 309.8 00
m/s
m/s
Example 5. Find the “hang time” for the
football whose initial velocity is 25 m/s,
600.
y = 0; a = -9.8 Initial vo:
vo =25 m/s m/s2 vox = vo cos q
Time of
600
flight t voy = vo sin q
Vox = (25 m/s) cos 600; vox = 12.5
m/s 0
Voy = (25 m/s) sin 60 ; vox = 21.7
m/s
Only vertical parameters affect hang
2 time. 2
y voy t 2 at ; 0 (21.7)t 2 ( 9.8)t
1 1
Example 5 (Cont.) Find the “hang time” for
the football whose initial velocity is 25 m/s,
600.
y = 0; a = -9.8 Initial vo:
vo =25 m/s m/s2 vox = vo cos q
Time of
600
flight t voy = vo sin q
2 2
y voy t at ; 0 (21.7)t ( 9.8)t
1
2
1
2
4.9 t2 = 21.7 t 4.9 t = 21.7
21.7 m/s
t tt =
= 4.43
4.43 ss
4.9 m/s 2
Example 6. A running dog leaps with
initial velocity of 11 m/s at 300. What is
the range?
Draw figure and voy = 11 sin
find 300
v = 11
components: m/s
vox = 9.53 m/s
q =30
0
voy = 5.50 m/s vox = 11 cos
300
To find range, first find t when y = 0; a = -9.8
2 m/s2 2
y voy t 2 at ; 0 (5.50)t 2 ( 9.8)t
1 1
4.9 t2 = 5.50 t 5.50 m/s
t 2 tt =
= 1.12
1.12 ss
4.9 t = 5.50 4.9 m/s
Example 6 (Cont.) A dog leaps with
initial velocity of 11 m/s at 300. What is
the range?
Range is found voy = 10 sin
from x- 310
component: v = 10
vx = vox = 9.53 m/s
m/s q =310
x = vxt; t = 1.12 vox = 10 cos
s 310
Horizontal velocity is constant: vx = 9.53 m/s
x = (9.53 m/s)(1.12 s) = 10.7 m
Range:
Range: xx =
= 10.7
10.7
m
m
Experiment 06
Projectile Motion 35 (06B)
