dial componcn acts towards the 60 x 10° (kW)

he
entre of respective gear. For pinion P, (M)A- 2Tn A
60 x 10" (3.5)
dial component P,
the radial acts at
point 2
2 t(700))
the centre O. 47 746.48 N-mm
Owards
ar G, the radial component P, acts Gear B is the idler gear and does not
oint 1 towards the centre
O. any torque to its shaft. Therefore, transmit
at p o i

1.2 The pitch circles of a train of spu (M)=0

nple wnin Fig. 17.21. Since the same
GearA receives
3.5 kW
A
power is transmitted from gear
ears
o O w e r
a t
700 rpm through its shaft and rotates in
direction. Gear B Is the idler gear
to gear C,
Cloar Cis the driven gear. The number of teeth (M)A XnA =

(M)c X
nc
hile gedi C are 30, 60 and 40
nd Car
A,
and respectively.
on
gears
the module
5 mm. Calculate:
is IM [LO 3] (M,)c = (M)AX
vhile
=
(47 746.48) x
the torque each gear shaft; and
on

components of gear tooth forces,

30
) the =
63 661.98 N-mm
free body diagram torces or determineand )
Draw
reaction
o n the idler gear shaft. Assume the 20 Step 2: Components of gear tooth forces
the for the gears.
ystem The components of the
vou
gear tooth force between
gears A and B are given by
2 (M,)A 2(47 746.48)
(P)AB 150
= 636.62 N

(P)AB =(P)AB tana = 636.62 tan (20)

231.71 N
15 (i)
7 Since gear B is idler, whatever torque it receives
from gear A is transmitted to gear C. Therefore

P)AB (P)pcX-
B
or (P)AB (P)Bc = P

gears between B anc-

The tangential component
compones
Fig. 17.21 C must be equal to the tangential
between A and B. Since the tangentia
gears
radial componen
components are equal, the
Solution
tan ) must be equal.
Given kW= 3.5 n= 700 rpm ZA S0 (P
diagram of forces
60=40 m= 5 mm a = 20 Step 3: Free body
of forces is shown
C The free body diagram
Torque acting on shafts A, B and
clockw
ep I: in the
Gear A is rotating
17.22. directi
Fig. and the
Amz= 5(30) =150
mm
direction. It is a driving gear to that
component
is opposite
B m p 5(60) =300 mm of tangential the tangential
compon

Therefore,
rotation.
m =
5(40) = 200 mm
 Elements Example 17.3 A planetary gear trair
778 Design of Mochine Fig. 17.23. The sun gear A rotates i Sho

direction and transmits power à cloh

5 kW

the gear
train. I n e
number of teeth 440 ckise
2 A, the planet gear
B and the fixed r e
Suno
and 150 respectively. The gearear
30, 60 module
oressure angle is 20°. is 44
and he Draw a m
m
diagram or
Torces dna calculate the bo
arm D can deliver to t s output shaft. torque that
the
DI[LO
B

of Forces
17.22 Free body Diagram
Fig.
the upper
act towards
at pont on gear A will the
right-hand corner of the page. Since
are equal and opposite, the
action and reaction
component at point 2 on gear B will
tangential
act towards the lower left-hand corner of the
B is driving gear
ITTT
page. Between gears B and C,
and C is driven gear. Gear C is rotating in the
clockwise direction. The direction of tangential Fig. 17.23 Planetary Gear Train
component for the driven gear is the same as that
of rotation. Therefore, at point 4 on gear C, the Solution
tangential component will act towards the upper Given kW 5
left-hand corner of the page. Since the action and
=
n =1440 rpm zA=30
reaction are equal and opposite, the FB60 zc= 150 m=4 mm a = 20
tangential
component at point 3 ongear B will act towards Step 1: Free body diagram of forces
the lower
right-hand corner of the
page. The
radial
components at points I, 2, 3 and 4 will act
dAm zA =
4(30) = 120 mm

towards the centres of the 240

respective gears. ag m
zg
=
4(60) = mm

Step 4: Reaction on an idler gear shaft 600

dcm zc =4(150) = mm
Consider the
equilibrium forcesof The length Lp of the arm D is given by
planes inclined at 45°acting
on
gear B, in two
the vertical. with
Ln =Atd_ 120 240=
The forces are +
IS0 mm
and 3 and their acting at
points 2
reactions at the shaft. 2
component of reaction R, Each
equal to (P+ P). on these
planes is The tang8 of the gear toou
the idler Therefore,
gear shaft is
the
reaction
Component
in the
given by Rg on orce on the sun gear A is calculated
Rg following way:
=R+P)+ (P+ P}* 60x10°(kW) 60 x 10"(5)
=
2
636.62+231.71= 1228 N
(M)A=- 2 T nA
2 r(1440)

=
33 157.28 N-mm
 select a ta finer grade for the Strength of 600 N/mm. The gears are
the dynamic load.It is manufacture To
a surface hardness of 400 BHN. The heal-treateo
assumed that the at i450 rpm and the service factor piniorn rotat
for the
e u r s
a r e manufactured according to Grade 6. Is 1./5. Assume that
velocity application
factor accounts
he
dynamic load and the factor of To
e=8+0.63 d safety Is .9
his grade,
f a rt h i s
[M] [LO 6]
F o rp i n i o n , Determine the rated that the
power gears can
transmit.
o=m+0.25 d, =4 +0.25 76
=8+ 0.63 o Solution
e,
Given n =
1450 rpm
=8+0.6314 +0.25 76] z 20
Z4
m=3 mm b= 40 C,
= 11.893 um mm =
1.75 (fs) =
I.5
BHN 400 S 600 N/mm
=

r gear,
Step 1: Beam strength
0=m+0.25 d, =4 +0.25 160
Since the material is used for the pinion
same
e,
=
8 +0.63 6 and the gear, the
pinion is weaker than the gear.
= 8 +0.6314 +0.25 V160 ] From Table 17.3, the Lewis form factor is 0.32
= 12.512 um for 20 teeth.

eept eg= l1.893 + 12.512

24.405 um or (24.405 x 10) mm
From Eq. (17.26), Spmb o, Y =3(40)(200)(0.32) = 7680 N

21 v (Ceb+ P) Step 2: Wear strength

P 2 (41)1.344
21v+Ceb+P) g
Q- 41 +2 0 3
5.969) s
-
11 400 (24.405 x10 ) (40) +1256.49
.
=
5969)+11 400 (24.405 x 10*) (40) + 1256.49 K= 0.16
BHN = 0.16 | 400 2.56
100 100
= 6560.53 N
m z, = 3(20) = 60 mm

C,P,+ P) 1.5(1256.49) +6560.53=

S=bQ d, K= 40(1.344)(60%2.56)
8445.265 N = 8257.54N
he Deam strength is lower than the wear

rength. Therefore, Step 3: Efective Load

10 048 Ta, n (60) (1450)

= 4.5553 m's
s)= S 1.19
60 x 10 60 x 10*
Peff 8445.265
e
design is satisfactory. 3 3
= 0.397

Exam 1710 Apair of spur gears with 20° full 3+r 3+4.5553
neshi ute teeth consists of a 20 teeth pino
41 teeth gear. The module Is 3 m
1.75P=(4.41 P)N
Mhilettn
the
Inion as
a

tace width is 40 m m . The materlal

well
for
as gear is steel with an ultimate tense
Pet 0.397
 Step 1:
Estimation
ofmodule based
on
beam
E l e m e n t s

Machine

o6
Design of strength m
than
lower
load
Static is 250 + d)
Step 4:
example,
the
beam
strength

beam
strength
1s
a-dt4)
this Therefore,

in
(d+ a)= 500
mm
strength.
wear
the (1.5)
of d e s i g n . P) )
the
criterion

or
7680
=(4.41 1000
SPer ) 4
Also, 250
Pl161 N
dp b)
R a t e d power From (a) and (b),
Step 5:
d =
l16l(60) 830 N-min d = 100 mm and d= 400 mim
M, = 2
(1450)(34 830)_ 5,29 T a p T (100) (1000) = 5.236 ms
25n,M 2 7 60 x 100 60 x 10 60 x10°
kW 60 x 10 (Ans.) 3
3 = 0.3643

It is required
to design
spur
running
C3+ 3+5.236

171 compressor
Example for a
is assumed to be ten times tha
The face width
electric
reducer
speed 1000 rpm
gear by a 7.5 kW,
driven
the axes
ortne Lewis Torm lactor is unknown
of module. The
250 rpm
a Ihe centre
distance
between

The starting
It varies from 0.32 (for 20 tecth) to
motor. 2 5 0 mm.
be exactly
at this stage.
150%
shouid
to be
gear shafts c a n be
assumed

torque
of the
motor
are made
of carbon

0.358 (for 30 teeth). Assuming

an
intermediate
torque. gears The
of the rated The pressure angieis
70O N/mm).=
value,
steel 50C4(S design
of safety is
2 for preliminary
20. The factor D][LO 6] Y= 0.34
factor.
on the use
of velocity
Dased
their 700
and specify
the gears
(0 Design Y= m(10m) 0.34)
dimensions.

Assume that the gears

are
manutactured S,=m b o,
(0)
the requirements
of Grade 6 -

(
(793.33 m*)
meet
to
using N
and calculate the dynamic load by =

Buckingham's equation. (7.5)

(ui) Calculate the effective
load. 60 x 10° (kW)
60 x
10°
the actual factor
of safety against M,=- 2 r (1000)
(v) What is
2 T np
bending tailure?

(v) Using the same factor of safety against = 71 619.93 N-mm

suitable surtace
prtting tailure, speciry
hardness for the gears. N
2 M2(71 619.95)= 1432.39
solution 100

iiven kW =7.5 n,= l000 rpm

1.5(1432.39)5897.85 N
250
250rpm a mm
=

Peff 0.3643
arting torque = 150% (rated torque)

= 700 N/mm' (s)=2 From (c) and (d), "

= 793.35
5897.85(2)
rade of machining - 6 Gs)= S, or
e
m= 3.86 mm
 Gear dimensions Spur Gears B07

preterence
valu of the module is 4 mm. 21(5.236) |11 400 (25.765 x 10)
m=4 m
(40) + 1432.39
21
h= 10 m= 10(4) = 40 mm
(5.236)
+11 400 (25.765 x10*) 40) +1432.39
100 6448.30ON
= 25 Step 5: Effective load
P 4
eft (C,P,+ P)
1.5(1432.39)
00
=
+ 6448.30
8596.89 N
3: Beam strength Step 6: Actual factor of safety against
Em Table I7.3, the Lewis form factor for bending failure
teeth is O.34.
(s) = 12693.33 = 1.48
s=mbo, Y=4(40) (0.34) Petr 8596.89
The design is
= 12 693.33 N
should be 4 mm.
satisfactory and the module
iep 4: Dynamic load by Buckingham's
Step 7: Surface hardness for gears
equation
Grade - 6, 2 (100)
= 1.6
e=8 + 0.63 o p100 +25
Pe Us) = Sw or Pen s) = bQ d, K
r pinion,

0m+0.25 Jd, =
4+0.25 V100
8596.89 (1.48) =40(1.6)(100)(0.16) BHN
=8 +0.63 ¢
BHN 352.49 or 360 100
=8 +0.6314 +0.25 100
= 12.095 um Step 8: Dimensions of gears
gear, ) number of teeth on pinion = 25
m+0.25 (i) number of teeth on gear = 100
d =4 +0.25 400 (ii) module = 4 mm
e= 8 +0.63 ¢
(iv) face width = 40 mm

8+0.63[4+0.25 400] (v) pitch circle diameter of pinion = 100 mm

= 13.67 um (vi) pitch circle diameter of gear = 400 mm
e=ete =12.095 + 13.67 (vii) addendum (m) = 4 mm
(vii) dedendum (1.25 m) = 5 mm
25.765 um or (25.765 x 10) mm
(ix) clearance (0.25 m) = I mm
TOm Table 17.7, the value of deformation (x) tooth thickness (L.S708 m) = 6.2832 mm
ator C is 11 400
N/mm. Also, (xi) fillet radius (0.4 m) = 1.6 mm
*D.236 m/s b= 40 mm
P= 1432.39 N
Example 1712) It is required to design a two-stage
From Eq. (17.26),
spur gear reduction unit with 20 full depth involute
teeth. The input shaft rotates at 144O rpm and
P2 Ceb+ P) receives 10kWpowerthrough aflexible coupling.The
21 speed of the output shaft should be approximately
v
+(Ceb+ P)
 required to d
sign
tis a
Example 17820° full-depth inv te teeth par ot
consisting
gears with 20°
spur
with s
D e s i g no f M o c h i n e
E l e m e n t s

20 teeth pinionesing a

=Y7)=
.Jó0
mm of a
gear. The pinion
shaft is connected to
motor. The startine a22 teeth
1450 rpm electriC 150% of the
torque
m =

MW
mm
c a n be
taken as
rateci the
motor
I05)
for the pinion isS plain
carbonu
b=
1 0 m =

The
material
while the s
Fe 410 (Sut 410N/mm), ar s mar
exkfordesg 1473.66
N
c a stiron
t
FG 200 ( = 200 N/mm) ne of
00 i140= grey
Design the gears
based facto
afety is 1.5. on
equation and using velocity factor to account Lemy
P= the dynamic load.

r
- 6.7858
m/s
D)[LO 5
Solution
kW = 22.5 n= 1450 rpm z,
0.3066 Given 2
6.S8 50 starting torque
=
150% (rated
=

s)= 1.5
orque
473.07209.69 N
410 N/mm*
For pinion, Sut
For gear, S= 200 N/mm
S000)(0.3O8) =15 400ON Step 1: Deciding weaker between pinionand
=S
gear
5 14 The materials of pinion and gear are different
209.69
From Table 17.3, the Lewis form factors for 20
module
JesigTssatistactory
and the and 50 teeth are 0.32 and 0.408 respectively
For pinion,
:
Surface hardness for gears
o, = = 410 = 136.67 N/mm
= 16 3

XY) 136.67 0.32 43.73

(o, = x =

BHS For gear,

K-
= 66.67 N/mm
4, K =Som.5,(90,0.16BHN 27.20
(,xY) =
66.67 x 0.408 =

100
The
152 BHN he product (o, x Y is less for the gear.
Eear is weaker than the pinion and it is nece ary
to
design the gear. beam

BHIN Step 2: Estimation of m o d u l e based

on

72019.69 strength
AN (1.5) For gear,
=
306.39 or 310
1450(20) -580 rpm
50
 gear
Fig. 17.13 Conventional Representation
the drawing because pitch surfaces roll together
without slip during engagement. The putch
Circles are shown by centre lines. In addition
drawn
pitch circles, the addendum circles are
with full lines.
nrists of d
 with full lines.
of a

xample 171
gears consists

pair of
gear The
A spur
with a 120-teeti
th 20-teeth pinion meshing /S]/LO2)

module is 4 mm. Calculate

els of cam
 )thecentre distance;
)thepitch circle diameters
of the
and the gear;
pinion
he addendum and
dedendum:
iv) the thickness;
tooth

the bottom clearance; and

the gear ratio.
(vi)
S o l u t i o n

Given 20 Z 120 m=4 mm

1: Cetre distance
step
From Eq. (17.5).

g-4(20+120) = -

280 mm
()
Step 2: Pitch circle diameters of
gear
pinion and
d,=m 4 ( 2 0 ) = 80 mm

d,=m4(120) = 480 mm
i)
Step Addendum and dedendum
3:
addendum (h,) m 4 mm = =

dedendum (h,) 1.25 m =

=1.25(4) 5 mm =

(i)
Step 4: Tooth thickness
tooth thickness =
1.5708 m
1.5708(4)
= 6.2832 mm

Step 5: Bottom (iv)

clearance
Cearance (c) 0.25 m =
=
0.25(4) =
I mm (v)
Step Gear ratio
6:

i 120
= 6
P 20 (vi)