Basics of DC Motors

HIMANSU JHA
A Conductor in a Fixed A Current Carrying Conductor
Magnetic Field in a Fixed Magnetic Field

Force

Fixed Magnetic Field

Induced Magnetic Field Electromagnetic drag
(Due to current)
 Fleming's Left Hand (Motor) Rule
Direction of Rotation

Fixed Magnetic Field Direction

Conventional
Current Direction S
N
 A S Use the Left Hand Rule to
Determine the Rotation
Direction of the Armatures
in A and B

N Hint: You will have to turn

your left hand upside down
for example A

B
Notice that when the
current through the
armature is reversed,
S
it moves (Rotates) in
the opposite direction
N
Which position requires
least force to turn the
crowbar?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BACK E.M.F.:
• Back emf Eb = (ΦZN/60) x (P/A)
• VOLTAGE EQUATION:
• V = Eb + IaRa
• Power equation
• V Ia = Eb Ia + Ia2Ra
• Eb Ia = Electrical equivalent of mechanical power
Pm developed in the armature
• Ia2Ra = Copper loss in the armature.
TORQUE The turning twisting moment of force about an axis

• Let Force is F Newton

• r = Radius of shaft in meters
• Then Torque T = F x r (Nm)
 Power developed by shaft
• Work done = Force x distance
• Distance travelled by the shaft in 1 revolution = perimeter =
2xxr
• Work done by shaft in 1 rev = F x 2 x  x r
As F x r = T,
Work done = F x 2 x  x r = 2  T
𝑁 60
Speed = N rpm or rps. Or second for 1 revolution
60 𝑁
𝑁
Power developed by shaft in 1 second = 2  T x J/s or
60
Watts
2NT
Horse power developed = HP
60 𝑥 746
Torques in DC Motors
• Gross torque / armature torque
• Shaft torque
• Lost torque

2NT
• Power equation of a shaft = J/s or Watts
60

2NT
• Power equation of a shaft = HP
60 𝑥 746
Armature torque(Ta) / Gross torque
2NT
• Power equation of a shaft = J/s or Watts
60
2NTa
• Power developed in armature = Eb Ia =
60

Eb Ia x 60
Armature Torque Ta =
2N

9.55 Eb Ia
= N-m
N
Shaft torque(Tsh) / Output torque
2NT
• Power equation of a shaft = BHP
60 𝑥 746

2NTsh
BHP =
60 𝑥 746

𝐵𝐻𝑃 𝑥 60 𝑥 746
• Shaft torque Tsh =
2N
 Speed and Torque DC Motors
Eb Ia x 60 ZNx 𝑃
• Ta = • Eb =
2N
60 𝑋 𝑎
ZNx 𝑃
• Eb =
60 𝑋 𝑎 • Eb = K x N

ZNx 𝑃 Ia x 60 Eb
• Ta = 𝑋 •
2N =KxN or
60 𝑋 𝑎


• Ta = K .  Ia or
Eb
•N 

•Ta   Ia
Speeds ,back emf and fluxes
• Let N1 , 1, Eb1 be
Speed, flux per pole and back emf at No Load

• Let N2 , 2, Eb2 be

Speed, flux per pole and back emf at Load
𝑘 𝐸𝑏1 𝑘 𝐸𝑏2
N1 = ----eq.(1) and N2 = ----eq.(2)
1 2
Dividing eq(1) by eq(ii)
𝑁1 𝐸𝑏1 2
= x
𝑁2 1 𝐸𝑏2

𝑁1 𝐸𝑏1 2
= x
𝑁2 𝐸𝑏2 1
Flux and torques

𝑇𝑎1 𝐼𝑎1 1
= x
𝑇𝑎2 𝐼𝑎2 2