Armature Winding, Winding

Coefficients and EMF Equation

Lecture-2
Armature Winding
• Voltage is induced in these

Turn
Coil

Winding
• Every coil has a Start (S) and a Finish (F)
• For a (P) pole machine, the electrical degree is defined as
𝑃
𝜃𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 ≜ 𝜃𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ
2
Where, θm𝑒𝑐ℎ is the mechanical degrees or an angular measure
in space.
θe𝑙𝑒𝑐 is the electrical degrees or an angular measure in
cycles.

• Distance between the centres of two adjacent Poles is called

Pole Pitch given by
°
° 360 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ
𝑂𝑛𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ = 180𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 =
𝑃
• Distance between the two sides of a coil is called the Coil
Span

Pitch Factor (kc):

• Coil Span Factor or Pitch Factor kC is defined as the ratio of
the voltage generated in the short pitch coil to the voltage
generated in the full pitch coil
• If the coil span is one pole pitch, i.e 180° electrical, it is called
the Full Pitch Coil
• If the coil span is less than one pole pitch, i.e 180°-α, it is
called the Short Pitch
• For a Full pitch coil
𝑬𝑪 = 𝑬𝑪𝟏 + 𝑬𝑪𝟐
𝑬𝑪𝟏 = 𝑬𝑪𝟐 = 𝑬𝟏 (𝒔𝒂𝒚)
∴ 𝑬𝑪 = 𝑬𝑪𝟏 + 𝑬𝑪𝟐 = 𝟐𝑬𝟏

• For a Short pitch coil, The phasor sum of

EC1 and EC2 is EC, which is equal to AC as
shown in the phasor diagram
Pitch Factor is represented by
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑘𝐶 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 180° 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝛼
𝐴𝐶 2𝐸 cos
𝑘𝐶 = = 2 = cos 𝛼
2𝐴𝐵 2𝐸 2
 𝜶
Therefore, 𝒌𝑪 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝟐

Distribution Factor (kd):

• The ratio of the actual voltage obtained to the possible
voltage if all the coils of a polar group were concentrated in a
single slot

𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑘𝑑 =
𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒

• Given coil voltage is multiplied by the number of series

connected coils per phase
• Voltages induced in coil sides differ by an angle β which is
known as the angular displacement of the slots
• Let, m = slots per pole per phase
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠
𝑚=
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 × 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
• 𝛽 = angular displacement between adjacent slots in electrical
degrees
180° 180° × 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝛽= =
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠/𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠
• Voltages EC1, EC2, EC3….. are the individual coil voltages
• Each coil voltage EC will be out of phase with the next coil
voltages by the slot pitch 𝛽
• The arithmetic sum of the individual coil voltage is given as:
𝑚𝐸𝐶 = 𝑚𝐴𝐵 = 𝑚 2𝐴𝑀
𝛽
= 2𝑚𝑂𝐴 sin 𝐴𝑂𝑀 = 2𝑚𝑂𝐴 sin
2
• The phasor sum of the individual coil voltages is given as:
𝑚𝛽
= 𝐴𝐹 = 2𝐴𝐺 = 2𝑂𝐴 sin 𝐴𝑂𝐺 = 2𝑂𝐴 sin
2
• Therefore,
𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑘𝑑 =
𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑚𝛽
2𝑂𝐴 sin
= 2
𝛽
2𝑚𝑂𝐴 sin
2
Therefore,
𝒎𝜷
𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝒌𝒅 = 𝟐
𝜷
𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟐
Winding Factor (kw):
• Method of improving the rms generated voltage in a three
phase AC machines
• Takes care of any harmonics which reduces the efficiency of
the machine
• Product of Distribution factor (kd) and the Pitch Factor (kc),
and is denoted by kw
𝒌𝒘 = 𝒌𝑪 𝒌𝒅

EMF Equation:
Let, P be the number of poles
ϕ is Flux per pole in Webers
N is the speed in revolution per minute (r.p.m)
 f be the frequency in Hertz
Zph is the no. of conductors connected in series/ phase
Tph is the number of turns connected in series per phase
kc is the coil span factor
kd is the distribution factor

Flux cut by each conductor during one revolution is Pϕ Weber.

Time taken to complete one revolution is given by 60/N sec
Average EMF induced per conductor
𝑃𝜑 𝑃𝜑𝑁
= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
60Τ𝑁 60
Average EMF induced per phase
𝑃𝜑𝑁 𝑃𝜑𝑁 𝑍𝑝ℎ
× 𝑍𝑝ℎ = × 2𝑇𝑝ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑝ℎ =
60 60 2
 𝑃𝑁
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑀𝐹 = 4 × 𝜑 × 𝑇𝑝ℎ × = 4𝜑𝑓𝑇𝑝ℎ
120
Assumptions:
• Coils have got the full pitch
• All the conductors are concentrated in one stator slot

Root mean square (R.M.S) value of the EMF

𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑝ℎ = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 × 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

Therefore,
𝐸𝑝ℎ = 4𝜑𝑓𝑇𝑝ℎ × 1.11 = 4.44𝜑𝑓𝑇𝑝ℎ 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

The Actual EMF induced per phase with kc and kd

𝑬𝒑𝒉 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝒌𝒄 𝒌𝒅 𝝋𝒇𝑻𝒑𝒉 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔