Energy Conversion II

Lectures prepared by

Prof. S. Shahnawaz Ahmed

Contents:
Short pitched armature winding: advantages and disadvantages
Harmonics cancellation
For subsequent materials assistance taken mainly from:

1. https://etrical.blogspot.com/2016/08/Full-pitch-and-short-pitch-
coil.html?m=1

2. http://www.uotechnology.edu.iq/dep-
eee/lectures/3rd/Electrical/Machines%202/I_Introduction.pdf

3. Stephen J. Chapman: Electric Machinery Fundamentals, McGraw Hill, 5th

Edition, 2012, Appendix-B.
Full Pitch Coil:
A full pitched coil is defined as the coil whose two coil sides are 180
electrical degree apart. As the Pole Pitch, which is defined as the space
electrical angle between two consecutive poles is 180 degree, therefore in
an alternate manner we can also say that a Full Pitch Coil has its two coil
sides one pole pitch apart. This can be seen in the figure below.
Short Pitch / Chorded Coil:

If it happens that the two coil sides are not lying under the pole, then obviously the
space electrical angle between the coil sides will not be 180 degree rather it will be
less than 180 degree as shown in figure below.

•The electrical angle between 2

poles is always 180°.

•For a 2-pole machine

Electrical angle is same as
mechanical (space) angle.
In general electrical angle
is equal to P/2 times
mechanical angle.
Thus we can define a Short Pitch Coil as the coil having the coil span (Coil
Span is defined as the space angle between the two coil sides of a coil) less
than 180 degree. A short pitched coil is also known as Chorded Coil.

•Chording Angle ξ is defined as the angle by which the coil span departs from
a pole pitch i.e. 180 degree.

•Thus, Chording Angle ξ = 180° - Coil Span

•If Chording Angle ξ is zero then it is a full pitch coil.

 Generated voltage:
The rms value of EMF Generated in a Full Pitched Winding of N turns

E = 1.141 πfNØ

Whereas the rms value of EMF Generated in a Short Pitched Winding of N

turns

E = 1.141 πfNØCos(ξ/2)

Here the term Cos(ξ/2) is called Pitch Factor

Kp = Pitch Factor = Cos(ξ/2) = sin ( (180-ξ)/2)

Thus it can be seen that a Short Pitched Coil reduces the output voltage by a
factor Kp i.e. Cos(ξ/2). This is the disadvantage of Short Pitch Coil.
 Advantages of Short Pitch Coil:

•Short Pitching reduces the amount of copper needed for End Connection
when compared with Full Pitched Coil as can be observed from the figure
above.

•They improve the waveform of generated EMF i.e. generated EMF can be
made to approximate to a sine wave more easily and the distorting
harmonics can be reduced or totally eliminated.

•Due to the elimination of high frequency harmonics, eddy current and

hysteresis losses are reduced, thereby increasing the efficiency.
Harmonics elimination in short pitched winding: an Example
Suppose we want to eliminate 5th harmonic from the Generated EMF.
So what we do is that we will select Chording Angle ξ in such a
manner that Cos(nξ/2) becomes zero i.e. Pitch Factor becomes zero
for 5th harmonics only.

Mind here that Pitch Factor for nth harmonic is Cos(nξ/2).

Therefore, Cos(nξ/2) = 0

For eliminating 5th harmonic from Generated EMF,

Cos(5ξ/2) = 0

5ξ/2 = π/2

ξ = π/5 = 36°

i.e. the chording angle needs to be designed as 36° electrical angle .

For a 4 pole machine this implies 18° mechanical (space) angle.
 Disadvantages of Short Pitch Coil:

The disadvantages of using short-pitch winding is that, the total voltage around
the coils is somewhat reduced. In order to compensate for this reduction in
generated EMF, more number of turns and therefore more copper is required.

However, for end connection of a turn short pitch winding needs less copper.