Course:

Power Electronics
Book:
Power Electronics
Devices, Circuits, and Applications
Third- Edition
Muhammad H. Rashid
Instructor:
Engr. Dr. Naveed Ashraf
Lecture No.18
Chapter No.11
AC-to-AC Converters
 AC-to-AC Converters
• They are direct ac-to-ac power processors that
regulate the output voltage and frequency.
• They are called ac voltage controllers if they just
regulate the output rms voltage.
• They are called cycloconverters or matrix converters
if their rms output voltage and output frequency
regulation in discrete steps is possible.
• These converters may be realized with thyristors or
transistors as the switching devices.
 AC-to-AC Converters
• The thyristors are normally preferred as they are line
commutated as there is no need of extra
commutated circuit.
• But, they can not be employed in high switching
frequency matrix converters that are realized with
output voltage buck-boost characteristics.
• In these application, high frequency switching
transistor like MOSFETs or IGBTs are preferred.
• The AC-to-AC converters are classified as.
1. AC voltage controllers.
2. Frequency controllers.
 Cycloconverters
• They regulate the output rms voltage and output
frequency in discrete steps according to the
requirement.
• The variable output voltage and frequency can also
be obtained through dual converters.
• In dual converter, front end rectifier converts ac
power to dc that is stored at intermediate storing
devices and elements.
• Then this stored power is converted to variable ac
voltage and frequency via dc-to-ac converter.
• Dual converters are expensive and have high
conversion losses due to two stage conversion.
 Cycloconverter
• It is realized with through two single-phase
controlled rectifiers as depicted below.

P-Converter N-Converter

T1P T3P T2N T4N

Vin vo1 Load vo2

T4P T2P T3N T1N

 Cycloconverters
• The firing delay of the ‘P’ and ‘N’ converters are
𝛼𝑃 and 𝛼𝑁 respectively such that.

2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐(𝑃ሻ = cos 𝛼𝑃
𝜋
2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐(𝑁ሻ = cos 𝛼𝑁
𝜋

2𝑉𝑚 −2𝑉𝑚
cos 𝛼𝑃 = cos 𝛼𝑁
𝜋 𝜋

cos 𝛼𝑁 = −cos 𝛼𝑃

cos 𝛼𝑁 = cos 𝜋 − 𝛼𝑃

𝛼𝑁 = 𝜋 − 𝛼𝑃
 Cycloconverters
• Instantaneous output voltage waveforms.
vs

ωt
P-Converter
ωt

N-Converter

ωt
vo

ωt
 Cycloconverters
• All these waveforms have equal rms voltage.
vo

ωt

vo

ωt

vo

ωt
 Cycloconverters
• Output rms voltage.

𝜋
2𝜋
1
𝑉𝑜 = ඳ 2𝑉𝑠2 sin2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 + න 2𝑉𝑠2 sin2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡
2𝜋
𝜋+𝛼
𝛼

1 sin(2𝛼 ሻ
= 𝑉𝑠 𝜋−𝛼+
𝜋 2
 Cycloconverters
• Example 11.3.
• Given values 𝑉𝑠 = 120 𝑉, 𝑓 = 60 𝐻𝑧, 𝑅 = 5𝛺, 𝐿 = 40𝑚𝐻, 𝛼𝑃 = 2 𝜋Τ3
• a) Output rms voltage (Vo) = ?

1 sin(2𝛼 ሻ
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑠 𝜋−𝛼+ = 53 𝑉
𝜋 2

• b) Input power factor (PF) ?

𝑃𝑜 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜 cos 𝜃 𝑉𝑜 cos 𝜃
𝑃𝐹 = = =
𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 𝑉𝑠

1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝛼𝑃
= cos 𝜃 𝜋 − 𝛼𝑃 +
𝜋 2
 Cycloconverters
• Example 11.3.
2𝜋𝑓𝐿
𝜃= tan−1 = 45.2∘
𝑅

1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝛼𝑃
𝑃𝐹 = cos 𝜃 𝜋 − 𝛼𝑃 + = 0.311 𝑙𝑎𝑔
𝜋 2
 Home Assignment
• Matrix Converter (Book article 11.11).
 Questions-Answers

Thanks and regards