Power Electronics

MUHAMMAD NAVEED IQBAL

G.C UNIVERSITY LAHORE
NON-ISOLATED DC-DC CONVERTERS

Regulated DC
Unregulated DC
Voltage
Voltage
DC/DC
converter

• We can regulate and also change the magnitude of output voltage

Low Power Linear Power Supply (Voltage regulator)

• We use transistor operating in linear mode

• By changing bias current we can vary voltage across it
• It act as a variable resistor
Switched Mode Power Supply

• High Efficiency
• No bulky Transformer
• Suitable for high power application
Switch mode vs Linear mode power supply
• The average output voltage is
1 𝑡1 𝑡1
• 𝑉= ‫׬‬0
𝑣𝑜 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑓𝑡1𝑉𝑠 = 𝑘𝑉𝑠
𝑇 𝑇
𝑉𝑎 𝑘𝑉𝑆
• Average load current 𝐼𝑎 = =
𝑅 𝑅
• RMS value of output voltage
1 𝑘𝑇
• 𝑉= ‫׬‬ 𝑣𝑜 2 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑘 𝑉𝑠
𝑇 0
• For a lossless converter, input power is equal to output power
1 𝑘𝑇 1 𝑘𝑇 𝑣𝑜2 𝑘𝑉𝑠2
• P= ‫׬‬0
𝑣𝑜 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 = ‫𝑅 ׬‬ 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑇 𝑇 0 𝑅
• Effective input resistance as seen by the source
𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑠 𝑅
• 𝑅𝑖 = = 𝑘𝑉𝑆 =
𝐼𝑎 𝑘
𝑅
Duty Cycle
• k can be varied from 0-1 by varying t1, T or f
• By varying k, output voltage can be varied from 0 to Vs
Constant Frequency Operation
• Switching frequency kept constant
• The on time t1 is varied
• The width of pulse is varied
• Pulse width modulation control
Variable Frequency Operation
• Chopping or switching frequency is varied
• T1 or t2 kept constant
• Called frequency modulation
• Frequency has to be varied over wide range to obtain full output
voltage
Pulse Width Modulator and Controller
• k can be generated by comparing a dc ref. signal vr with sawtooth
carrier signal vcr.
𝑉𝑟
• Reference signal is given by 𝑣𝑟 = 𝑡
𝑇
𝑉𝑟
• The carrier signal is given by 𝑣𝐶𝑅 = 𝑘𝑡 (𝑎𝑠 𝑣𝑐𝑟 = 𝑉𝑐𝑟 = 𝑘𝑇)
𝑇
𝑉𝐶𝑅
• 𝑘= =𝑀
𝑉𝑟
Converter with filter circuit
Open loop and closed loop circuits
Steady state or transient analysis
Steady state or transient
Key rules
Key rules
Key rules
Types of DC-DC Converter
• Buck Converter
• Boost Converter
• Buck-Boost Converter
• Cuk Converter
• SEPEIC Converter
Buck Converter

𝑉𝑑 𝑉𝑜
BUCK CONVERTER
Buck Converter
Buck Converter
• When is switched ON, 𝑉𝑑 • When is switched OFF, due to
appears across the diode and inductor current, diode
makes it OFF conducts
When Switch is ON
• During 0 < t < ton,
• 𝑣𝐿 = 𝑉𝑑 – 𝑉𝑜
• 𝑖𝐿 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥
• 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑖𝐿 (𝑡) − 𝐼0
• In case output ripple is
insignificant,
• 𝑣𝐿 = 𝑉𝑑 – 𝑉𝑜 𝑡𝑂𝑁
𝐷=
• 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑖𝐿 (𝑡) − 𝐼0 𝑇
Analysis of the Step-Down (Buck) Converter in CCM
• During ton < t < T,
• 𝑣𝐿 = – 𝑉𝑜
• 𝑖𝐿 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛
• 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑖𝐿 (𝑡) − 𝐼0
• In case output ripple is
insignificant,
• 𝑣𝐿 = – 𝑉𝑜 𝑇 − 𝑡𝑂𝑓𝑓
𝐷=
• 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑖𝐿 (𝑡) − 𝐼0 𝑇
• We also assume that the inductor current is continuous throughout
the switching period Ts.
• This is the so-called continuous conduction mode (CCM) of
operation.
𝑑𝑖
• The voltage across the inductor L is 𝑣𝐿 = 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
• Over one switching period T
𝑇𝑠
• ‫׬‬0 𝑣𝐿 𝑑𝑡 =0
 𝑡𝑂𝑁 𝐷𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠
• ‫׬‬0 𝑣𝐿 𝑑𝑡 = ‫׬‬0 𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑜 𝑑𝑡 + ‫𝑇𝐷׬‬ (−𝑉𝑜 )𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑠

• 𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉0 𝐷𝑇𝑠 = 𝑉𝑂 𝑇𝑆 − 𝐷𝑇𝑠
𝑉𝑂 𝐷𝑇𝑠
• = =𝐷
𝑉𝑑 𝑇𝑆

• Also, 𝑃𝑑 = 𝑃𝑂
• 𝑉𝑑 𝐼𝑑 = 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜
𝑉𝑂 𝐼𝑑
• = =𝐷
𝑉𝑑 𝐼0
• Note that the DC inductor current equals the DC output or load
current for a buck converter.
• This follows from the assumption of constant Vo.
• Note also 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑜 is not the case with other DC-DC converters to
be studied later
• If the inductor current 𝑖𝐿 becomes discontinuous during 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 , these
equations do not hold, leading to a few problems.
How to select L and C
• Once we have select the switching frequency, based on other
design issues such as switching losses and EMI. Then we can find
the inductor and capacitor values
Inductance value L
𝑑𝑖𝐿 𝑡
• 𝑣𝐿 𝑡 = 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
𝑣𝐿 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
• 𝑑𝑖𝐿 𝑡 =
𝐿
𝑡 𝑡 𝑣𝐿 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
• ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑖𝐿 𝑡 = ‫׬‬0 𝐿
𝐷𝑇𝑆 1 𝐷𝑇𝑆
• ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑖𝐿 𝑡 = ‫׬‬0 𝑣𝐿 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐿
𝑉𝑑 −𝑉𝑜 𝐷𝑇𝑆
• 𝑖𝐿 𝐷𝑇𝑆 − 𝑖𝐿 0 =
𝐿
𝐷𝑇𝑆 𝑉𝑑 −𝑉𝑜
• ∆𝑖𝐿 =
𝐿
 𝑉𝑑 −𝑉𝑜 𝐷𝑇𝑆
• 𝑖𝐿 𝐷𝑇𝑆 − 𝑖𝐿 0 =
𝐿
𝐷𝑇𝑆 𝑉𝑑 −𝑉𝑜
• ∆𝑖𝐿 = Where ∆𝑖𝐿 = 𝑖𝐿 𝐷𝑇𝑆 − 𝑖𝐿 0 = 𝑖𝐿 𝑜𝑓𝑓 − 𝑖𝐿 𝑜𝑛
𝐿
𝐷 𝑉𝑑 −𝑉𝑜
• ∆𝑖𝐿 =
𝑓𝑆 𝐿
𝐷 𝑉𝑑 −𝐷𝑉𝑑 𝐷 1−𝐷 𝑉𝑑 𝐷𝐷′𝑉𝑑
• ∆𝑖𝐿 = = =
𝑓𝑆 𝐿 𝑓𝑠 𝐿 𝐿𝑓𝑠
𝐷𝐷′ 𝑉𝑑
• 𝐿=
𝑓𝑠 ∆𝑖𝐿
−𝑉𝑜
• Also when T is off, 𝑣𝐿 = −𝑉𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑖𝐿 = (1 − 𝐷)𝑇𝑆
𝐿
• If (a small) ∆𝑖𝐿 is specified, equation can be used to find the
required value for L, assuming that Ts has already been selected
from other considerations.
• If operation with CCM is desired down to a minimum load, 𝐼𝑜𝐵 , or
𝐼𝐿𝐵 , L can be found by setting 𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0 for the minimum 𝐼𝑜 or 𝐼𝐿 .
Note that 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑜 for the Buck converter. This leads to
1−𝐷 𝑅
𝐿=
2𝑓𝑠
Finding C
• 𝑖𝐿 charges C when 𝑖𝐿 > 𝐼𝑜 , C discharges into the load when 𝑖𝐿 < 𝐼𝑜 .
With CCM, 𝑖𝑐 = 𝑖𝐿 – 𝑖𝑜 does not depend on load.
𝑑𝑣𝐶 𝑡
• 𝐶 = 𝑖𝐶 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑖𝑐 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
• 𝑑𝑣𝑐 𝑡 =
𝐶
𝑡2 𝑡2 𝑖𝑐 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
• ‫𝑡׬‬1 𝑑𝑣𝑐 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ‫𝑡׬‬1
𝐶
1 ∆𝑖𝐿 𝑇𝑆
• 𝑣𝑐 − 𝑣𝑐 𝑡 =0 = ( )
𝐶 2 2
∆𝑖𝐿
• ∆𝑣𝑐 𝑡 =
8𝐶𝑓𝑠
 𝐷 𝑉𝑑 −𝑉𝑜 𝐷 𝑉𝑑 −𝐷𝑉𝑑
• Since ∆𝑖𝐿 = = therefore,
𝑓𝑆 𝐿 𝑓𝑆 𝐿
𝐷𝐷′ 𝑉𝑑
• 𝐶=
8𝐿𝑓𝑠 2 ∆𝑣𝑐

• Also,
𝐷′ 𝐷𝑉𝑑 𝐷′ 𝑉0
• 𝐶= 2 =
8𝐿𝑓𝑠 ∆𝑣𝑐 8𝐿𝑓𝑠 2 ∆𝑣𝑐
∆𝑣𝑜 𝐷′
• =
𝑉𝑂 8𝐿𝑓𝑠 2 𝐶
Boundary between CCM and DCM
• Being at the boundary between CCM and DCM, by definition,
the inductor current 𝑖𝐿 goes to zero at the end of the off period
• At the boundary, the average inductor current 𝐼𝑜𝐵 , where
subscript B refers to the boundary, is
1
• 𝐼𝑜𝐵 = 𝐼𝐿𝐵 = ∆𝑖𝐿
2
(𝑉𝑑 −𝑉𝑜 ) 𝐷𝑇𝑆 𝑉𝑜 1−𝐷
• 𝐼𝑜𝐵 = =
2𝐿 2𝐿𝑓𝑠
𝑉𝑑 𝐷 1−𝐷
• 𝐼𝑜𝐵 =
2𝐿𝑓𝑠
CCM condition
• 𝐼𝑜𝐵 > 𝐼𝐿 DCM
• 𝐼𝑜𝐵 < 𝐼𝐿 CCM
𝑉𝑜
• 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑜 𝐼𝐿 =
𝑅
𝑉𝑑 𝐷 1−𝐷 𝐷𝑉𝑑
• 𝐼𝑜𝐵 < 𝐼𝐿 → <
2𝐿𝑓𝑠 𝑅
(1−𝐷)𝑇𝑆 𝐼
• <
2𝐿 𝑅
2𝐿
• 1−𝐷 < is the condition for CCM
𝑅𝑇𝑆
Analysis of Converter in DCM
SWITCH = on

SWITCH = off, INDUCTOR CURRENT >0

SWITCH = off, INDUCTOR CURRENT =0

Analysis of Converter in DCM
• In some applications, the output DC voltage is variable while the
input DC voltage is maintained constant
When Switch is ON
• During 0 < t < ∆1 𝑇,
• 𝑣𝐿 = 𝑉𝑑 – 𝑣𝑜
• 𝑖𝐿 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥
• 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑖𝐿 (𝑡) − 𝑖0
• In case output ripple is
insignificant,
• 𝑣𝐿 = 𝑉𝑑 – 𝑉𝑜 𝑡𝑂𝑁
𝐷=
• 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑖𝐿 (𝑡) − 𝐼0 𝑇
Analysis of the Step-Down (Buck) Converter in DCM
• During∆1 𝑇 < t < ∆2 𝑇
• 𝑣𝐿 = – 𝑣𝑜
• 𝑖𝐿 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝑡𝑜 0
• 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑖𝐿 (𝑡) − 𝑖0
• In case output ripple is
insignificant,
• 𝑣𝐿 = – 𝑉𝑜
---
• 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑖𝐿 (𝑡) − 𝐼0
Analysis of the Step-Down (Buck) Converter in DCM
• During ∆2 𝑇 < t < 𝑇𝑠
• 𝑣𝐿 = 0
• 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) = −𝑖0
• In case output ripple is
insignificant,
• 𝑣𝐿 = 0
• 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) = −𝐼0
---
• 𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉0 𝐷𝑇𝑆 = 𝑉𝑂 ∆1 𝑇𝑆
• 𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉0 𝑡𝑂𝑁 − 𝑉𝑂 𝑇𝑆 − 𝑡𝑂𝑁 = 0
𝑉𝑜 𝐷
• =
𝑉𝑑 𝐷+∆1

• Where 𝐷 + ∆1 < 1
• Also
• 𝑉𝑑 𝐼𝑑 = 𝑉𝑂 𝐼𝑂
 ∆𝑖
1 𝐷𝑇𝑆 𝐷𝑇𝑆 × 2𝐿
ഥ
• 𝐼𝑑 = 𝑖𝑑 == ‫׬‬0 𝑖𝐿 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑇𝑆 = 𝐷∆𝑖𝐿
𝑇
2
𝑉𝑂 2
• 𝑉𝑑 𝐷∆𝑖𝐿 =
𝑅
𝑑𝑖𝐿
• 𝐿 = 𝑣𝐿 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
∆𝑖𝐿
• 𝐿 = 𝑉𝐷 − 𝑉𝑂 for 0 < t < ton
𝐷𝑇𝑆
𝑉𝑑 −𝑉𝑂 𝐷𝑇𝑆
• ∆𝑖𝐿 =
𝐿
 𝑉𝑑 𝐷2 𝑉𝑑 −𝑉𝑂 𝑇𝑆 𝑉𝑂 2
• =
𝐿 𝑅
2 𝐿𝑉𝑂 2
• 𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑂 𝑉𝑑 =
𝑅𝐷2 𝑇𝑆

2 𝐿𝑉𝑂 2
• 𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑂 𝑉𝑑 − =0
𝑅𝐷2 𝑇𝑆
𝑉𝑑 2 𝑉𝑑 𝐿
• − − =0
𝑉0 𝑉𝑂 𝑅𝐷2 𝑇𝑆
𝑉𝑑 2 𝑉𝑑
• − −𝐾 =0
𝑉0 𝑉𝑂
 𝑉𝑑 +1∓ 1+4𝐾
• =
𝑉𝑂 2
𝑉0 2 2
• = =
𝑉𝑑 +1+ 1+4𝐾 +1+ 1+
4𝐿
𝑅𝐷2 𝑇𝑆
Boost Converter

𝑉𝑑 𝑉𝑜
Boost CONVERTER
When switch is ON
• During 0 < t < ton,
• 𝑣𝐿 = 𝑣𝑑 (𝑡)
• 𝑖𝐿 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥
• 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) = −𝑖0 (𝑡)
• In case output ripple is insignificant,
• 𝑣𝐿 = 𝑉𝑑
• 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) = −𝐼0
• During ton < t < Ts,
• 𝑣𝐿 = 𝑣𝑑 (𝑡) − 𝑣𝑂 (𝑡)
• 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑖𝐿 (𝑡) − 𝑖0 (𝑡)
• In case output ripple is insignificant,
• 𝑣𝐿 = 𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑂
• 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑖𝐿 (𝑡) − 𝐼0
 ‫𝑁𝑂𝑡‬
‫•‬ ‫‪0 𝑣𝐿 𝑑𝑡 =0‬׬‬
‫𝑆𝑇𝐷‬ ‫𝑠𝑇‬
‫•‬ ‫𝑇𝐷׬ ‪0 𝑉𝑑 𝑑𝑡 +‬׬‬ ‫‪(𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑜 )𝑑𝑡 = 0‬‬
‫𝑆‬

‫‪• 𝑉𝑑 𝐷𝑇𝑆 + (𝑉𝑑 −𝑉𝑂 ) 𝑇𝑆 − 𝐷𝑇𝑆 = 0‬‬

‫‪• 𝑉𝑑 (𝐷 + 1 − 𝐷)𝑇𝑆 − 𝑉𝑂 1 − 𝐷 𝑇𝑆 = 0‬‬
‫𝑂𝑉‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫•‬ ‫=‬
‫𝑑𝑉‬ ‫𝐷‪1−‬‬