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Converters
DC-DC Converters
DC-DC converters are power electronic circuits that convert a DC
voltage to a different DC voltage level, often providing a regulated
output.
A BASIC SWITCHING CONVERTER
An efficient alternative to the linear regulator
Uses Power electronics switches like BJT,MOSFET IGBT…
Also known as DC Chopper
DC-DC Converters
Assuming the switch is ideal
• The output is the same as the
input when the switch ON
• And the output is zero when the
switch OFF
Periodic opening and closing of the
switch gives the pulsed output
waveform.
The average or DC component of the
output voltage is
𝑇 𝐷𝑇
1 1
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐷
Figure: (a) A basic DC-DC switching converter; (b) Switching 𝑇 𝑇
0 0
equivalent; ( c) Output voltage.
DC-DC Converters
𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝐷≡
𝑡𝑜𝑛 + 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓
The DC component of the output voltage will be less than or equal to
the input voltage for this circuit.
ideal switch Zero loss Zero voltage across when ON Zero
current through it when OFF
But real switch has some power loss Considerable because it
creates heat on the switch.
THE BUCK (STEP-DOWN)
CONVERTER
Application Example: Controlling the speed of DC Motor
Low-pass filter will be placed at the output
1−𝐷
• 𝐶 =
8𝐿(∆𝑉𝑜 /𝑉𝑜 )𝑓2
THE BUCK (STEP-DOWN)
CONVERTER 𝑉𝑜
• Using ∆𝑖𝐿 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 = − (1 − 𝐷)𝑇 for ∆𝑖𝐿
𝐿
𝑇𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜 (1 − 𝐷)
∆𝑉𝑜 = 1−𝐷 𝑇 =
8𝐶𝐿 8𝐿𝐶𝑓 2
• It is also useful to express the ripple as a fraction of the
output voltage
∆𝑉𝑜 1−𝐷
=
𝑉𝑜 8𝐿𝐶𝑓 2
1−𝐷
• 𝐶 =
8𝐿(∆𝑉𝑜 /𝑉𝑜 )𝑓2
CAPACITOR RESISTANCE—THE
EFFECT ON RIPPLE VOLTAGE
The ESR may have a significant effect on the output voltage rippleA
real capacitor can be modelled as a capacitance with an equivalent
series resistance (ESR) and an equivalent series inductance (ESL).
ESR, often producing a ripple voltage greater than that of the ideal
capacitance.
The inductance in the capacitor is usually not a significant factor at
typical switching frequencies.
The ripple due to ESR can be approximated by first determining the
ripple current assuming the capacitor ideal
∆𝑉𝑜,𝐸𝑆𝑅 = ∆𝑖𝐶 𝑟𝐶 = ∆𝑖𝐿 𝑟𝐶
∆𝑉𝑜 < ∆𝑉𝑜,𝐶 + ∆𝑉𝑜,𝐸𝑆𝑅
CAPACITOR RESISTANCE—THE
EFFECT ON RIPPLE VOLTAGE
• The ripple voltage due to the ESR can be much larger than the ripple
due to the pure capacitance.
• In that case, the output capacitor is chosen on the basis of the
equivalent series resistance rather than capacitance only.
∆𝑉𝑜 ≈ ∆𝑉𝑜,𝐸𝑆𝑅 = ∆𝑖𝐶 𝑟𝐶
SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFICATION FOR
THE BUCK CONVERTER
Figure: A synchronous buck converter. The MOSFET S2 carries the inductor current
when S1 is off to provide a lower voltage drop than a diode.
THE BOOST CONVERTER
Assumptions
1. Steady-state conditions exist.
2. The switching period is 𝑇, and the
switch is closed for time 𝐷𝑇 and open
for (1 − 𝐷)𝑇.
3. The inductor current is continuous
(always positive).
4. The capacitor is very large, and the
output voltage is held constant at
voltage 𝑉𝑜 .
5. The components are ideal.
THE BOOST CONVERTER
• ANALYSIS FOR THE SWITCH CLOSED:
𝑑𝑖𝐿 𝑑𝑖𝐿 𝑉𝑆
𝑣𝐿 = 𝑉𝑆 = 𝐿 𝑜𝑟 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐿
∆𝑖𝐿 ∆𝑖𝐿 𝑉𝑆
= =
∆𝑡 𝐷𝑇 𝐿
• Solving for ∆𝑖𝐿 for the switch closed,
𝑉𝑆 𝐷𝑇
∆𝑖𝐿 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 =
𝐿
THE BOOST CONVERTER
• ANALYSIS FOR THE SWITCH OPEN:
𝑑𝑖𝐿
𝑣𝐿 = 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜 = 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖𝐿 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜
=
𝑑𝑡 𝐿
∆𝑖𝐿 ∆𝑖𝐿 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜
= =
∆𝑡 1−𝐷 𝑇 𝐿
• Solving for ∆𝑖𝐿
(𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜 ) 1 − 𝐷 𝑇
(∆𝑖𝐿 )𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 =
𝐿
THE BOOST CONVERTER
For steady-state operation, the net change in inductor current must be
zero.
(∆𝑖𝐿 )𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 + (∆𝑖𝐿 )𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 = 0
𝑉𝑜 2 /𝑅
=
𝑉𝑜 2 /𝑅 + 𝐼𝐿 2 𝑟𝐿
𝑉𝑜 2 /𝑅
=
𝑉𝑜 2 /𝑅 + [(𝑉𝑜 2 /𝑅)2 / 1 − 𝐷 2 ]𝑟𝐿
1
=
1 + 𝑟𝐿 [𝑅 1 − 𝐷 2]
𝑉𝑜 1−𝐷 𝑇
(∆𝑖𝐿 )𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 =
𝐿
BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
• For steady-state operation, the net change in inductor current
must be zero over one period.
(∆𝑖𝐿 )𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 + (∆𝑖𝐿 )𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 = 0
𝑉𝑠 𝐷𝑇 𝑉𝑜 1 − 𝐷 𝑇
+ =0
𝐿 𝐿
• Solving for 𝑉𝑜 ,
𝐷
𝑉𝑜 = −𝑉𝑠
1−𝐷
• The required duty ratio for specified input and output voltages can be
expressed as
𝑉𝑜
𝐷=
𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉𝑜
BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
• The average inductor voltage is zero for periodic operation,
resulting in
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐷 + 𝑉𝑜 1 − 𝐷 = 0
• Solving for 𝑉𝑜 yields
𝐷
𝑉𝑜 = −𝑉𝑠
1−𝐷
• The output voltage has opposite polarity from the source
voltage.
• If 𝐷 > 0.5, the output voltage is larger than the input; and
if 𝐷 < 0.5, the output is smaller than the input.
BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
• Power absorbed by the load must be the same as that supplied by the source, where
𝑉𝑜 2
𝑃0 =
𝑅
𝑃𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠
𝑉𝑜 2
= 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠
𝑅
• Average source current is related to average inductor current by
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝐿 𝐷
• resulting in
𝑉𝑜 2
= 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝐿 𝐷
𝑅
• Substituting for 𝑉𝑜 and solving for 𝐼𝐿 , we find
𝑉𝑜 2 𝑃0 𝑉𝑠 𝐷
𝐼𝐿 = = =
𝑉𝑠 𝑅𝐷 𝑉𝑠 𝐷 𝑅(1 − 𝐷)2
BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
∆𝑖𝐿 𝑉𝑠 𝐷 𝑉𝑠 𝐷𝑇
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝐿 + = 2
+
2 𝑅(1 − 𝐷) 2𝐿
∆𝑖𝐿 𝑉𝑠 𝐷 𝑉𝑠 𝐷𝑇
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝐿 − = 2
−
2 𝑅 1−𝐷 2𝐿
(1 − 𝐷)2 𝑅
(𝐿𝑓)𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
22
(1 − 𝐷) 𝑅
𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
2𝑓
where 𝑓 is the switching frequency.
BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
• OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE
• The output voltage ripple for the buck-boost converter is computed
from the capacitor current .
𝑉𝑜
∆𝑄 = 𝐷𝑇 = 𝐶∆𝑉𝑜
𝑅
• Solving for ∆𝑉𝑜 ,
𝑉𝑜 𝐷𝑇 𝑉𝑜 𝐷
∆𝑉𝑜 = =
𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐶𝑓
∆𝑉𝑜 𝐷
𝑜𝑟 =
𝑉𝑜 𝑅𝐶𝑓
BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
• As is the case with other converters, the equivalent series resistance of
the capacitor can contribute significantly to the output ripple voltage.
The peak-to-peak variation in capacitor current is the same as the
maximum inductor current.
∆𝑉𝑜,𝐸𝑆𝑅 = ∆𝑖𝐶 𝑟𝐶 = 𝐼𝐿,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑟𝐶
BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
• As is the case with other converters, the
equivalent series resistance of the capacitor can
contribute significantly to the output ripple
voltage. The peak-to-peak variation in capacitor
current is the same as the maximum inductor
current.
∆𝑉𝑜,𝐸𝑆𝑅 = ∆𝑖𝐶 𝑟𝐶 = 𝐼𝐿,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑟𝐶
Other Converter Topologies
CÚk Converter
Sepic Converter
Other Converter Topologies
Full-bridge DC-DC
Converter
Other Converter Topologies
Isolated Full-bridge
DC-DC Converter
Other Converter Topologies
Isolated Half-bridge
DC-DC Converter