POWER

ELECTRONICS
LECTUR
E5
DC CHOPPER'S

 Switch ( Thyristor , MOSFET , transistor )

 When a switch turn on, consider that Internal resistance
value equal zero
 When a switch turn off, consider that Internal resistance
value is very high
 Time between On and Off equal zero
 Power loss zero
 Input dc power = output dc power
Duty Cycle
 By control on Ton and Toff will get required output voltage
 Duty Cycle is a ratio between Ton and T

𝐷≤1≪0
A BASIC DC CHOPPER'S

 If use transistor , can control on turn on time and turn off time by control at base current
 If use MOSFET , Positive pulse MOSFET close , zero pulse MOSFET is open
 If use thyristor , Must use Auxiliary circuit ( Commutation circuit )
The Principle of Operation of a Basic DC
Chopper Connected with a Resistive Load
 𝑂𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 0𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
 Electronic switch off output be zero volt
 Electronic switch on output be one volt

Average voltage and current

Linear relation between output voltage and D

Effective voltage value and effective
current value

𝑉𝑠  
IP is Maximum Current load 𝐼𝑝 = 𝑅

Power load

Consider no power loss at electronic switch

x  R
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

𝑃 = 100𝑚2 ∗ 1𝐾 = 10𝑊
𝑃 = 100𝑚2 ∗ 100 = 1𝑊
𝑃 = 12 ∗ 100 = 100𝑊
Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM)
Voltage

50%
50%

Voltag Voltag
e e

10% 80%
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

High Duty cycle

Medium Duty cycle

Low Duty cycle

Pulse frequency Modulation
( PFM)  Maintain a constant value for a switch when it be Ton
 Change periodic time

High frequency

Medium frequency

Low frequency
Exampl
e
Voltage source at Dc Chopper is 220V connected with resistance 10Ω , if you know Frequency for
turn-on and turn-off is 1KHz and Duty Cycle equal 0.5
Find the Following :
1. Output average Voltage .
2. Output effective Voltage.
3. Input power .

Solution
𝑉𝑜 = 110𝑉
𝑉𝑜 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 155.6𝑉
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 2420𝑊
Step-Down(Buck ) DC
Chopper
Case of an Inductive load

o Free Wheeling Diode to maintain continuous

the current on the load
o protect a switch from increase voltage ratio dv/dt

Step-Down voltage circuit

Step-Down(Buck ) DC Chopper

t ≤ 𝑇𝑜𝑛 ≤ 0

𝑇𝑜𝑛 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇
Continuous Current Mode
Output waveform Continuous or discontinuous
depend on
1. Inductive value comparer with resistance
2. Duty Cycle
3. Frequency for turn on and turn off

The aim of the current continuous on the load

To maintain on the current continuous on the load

you have to use simple filter ( L )
Inductor value high get connected current
Continuous Current Mode

To get output waveform continuous on the load and small ripple on it

you have to obtain 𝜏 ≥ 𝑇
𝜏 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐿
=𝜏
𝑅
So output Current will be Straight line , Oscillates between 𝐼 𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼 𝑚 𝑖 𝑛 And continue every one
period ( T )
Continuous Current Mode
Output voltage waveform equal voltage source
when switch Turn on and zero volt at switch turn off

FWD waveform

The current source waveform

Output current waveform

The low's that use it at Continuous
Current Mode
 Discontinuous Current Mode
• In this case we have low inductive ,so the current will be ripple between small and large values
• When we close a switch the current will increase gradually until reach highest value (At the end of the a switch
close time period)
• When we open a switch the current will decrease gradually until reach to smallest value or zero
• To get continuous current must choose appropriate frequency or inductor value
• To know the lowest inductor value that make continuous current
Discontinuous Current Mode