IC Voltage

Regulators
Voltage regulator: is a circuit that supplies constant voltage regardless of
changes in the load current.
 Advantages of IC voltage regulator:
inexpensive, versatile, provides current /voltage boosting, internal short
circuit current limiting, thermal shutdown, floating operation for high
voltage
applications.
Classification of IC voltage regulators:
 There are basically two kinds of IC voltage regulators:
 Multi-pin type, e.g. LM317, LM337, and LM723C
 3-pin type, e.g. 78/79XX
 Multi-pin regulators are less popular but they provide the greatest
flexibility
and produce the highest quality voltage regulation
 3-pin types make regulator circuit design simple
 IC Voltage
Regulators
Types of IC voltage regulators:
 Fixed output voltage regulators: positive fixed output regulator(78XX
series) and negative fixed output regulator(79XX series)
 Adjustable output voltage regulators: positive (LM317) and
negative(LM337), LM723
 Switching regulators: motorola ‘s MC1723
 NOTE: MC1723 is a general purpose regulator; it can be used in many
ways as a fixed positive or negative output voltage regulator, variable
output voltage regulator or as a switching regulator.Due to its flexibility
it has become as a standard type in the electronics industry.
 Quiescent current Iq : current that flows into the
regulator and does not include current drawn by
load or internal resistor networks.
Capacitor C1, is required if the regulator is located an appreciable distance from a
power supply filter. Even though C2 is not required, it may be used to improve the
transient response of the regulator.
Block Diagram of Positive Voltage Regulator
 Features
• 3 terminal positive voltage regulator
with seven voltage options
• High Output Current - typically 1.5A
• Short circuit current limit - 750mA at
5v
• Internal thermal overload protection
• Low quiescent current - 6mA
• Max input voltage = 35v
• Minimum Input Voltage = Vout + 2.5

The difference between the input and output voltages(V in- Vout) called dropout
voltage must be 2V even during low point in the input ripple voltage.
 ADJUSTABLE VOLTAGE REGULATOR

Adjustable voltage regulators are those who voltage can be varied and
utilized.
• Advantages of adjustable voltage regulators:
• * improved system performance
• * improved overload protection
• *improved system reliability
• Example: IC LM317, LM337, and IC 723 IC regulator
ADJUSTABLE VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 317)
 ADJUSTABLE VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 317)

Resistors R1 and R2 set the output to any desired voltage over the
adjustment range (1.2 to 57 V)
 When configured as shown in figure LM317 develops a nominal
voltage of 1.25V referred to as reference voltage Vref between output and
adjustment terminal.
 This reference voltage is impressed across resistor R1,since
voltage is constant current I is also constant
 Vout = VREF [1+ R2/R1] + IADJ R2
 Since R1 sets current I its called current set or program resistor
where VREF = 1.25 V, the reference voltage between the output and
adjustment
terminals
 the current IADJ is very small (100 micro Amperes) and constant. So the
voltage
drop across R2 due to IADJ is also very small and can be neglected so that
equation can be written as
 Vout = 1.25 [1+ R2/R1]
ADJUSTABLE VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 337)

The LM337 series of voltage regulators are a complement of LM317

series.
• They are negative adjustable voltage regulators
• These negative voltage regulators are available in the same voltage
and current options as the positive adjustable voltage regulator
LM317.
COMPARISION OF LM317 AND LM723
LM340 Series Voltage Regulators

LM340 Key Features

•Output Voltage Tolerance ±2%
•Output Current up to 1A
•Internal Thermal Overload and Short-Circuit Prote
•Load Regulation 0.3%
•Line Regulation 0.01%
Application
•Fixed voltage regulators
•Local on-card regulation
ADJUSTABLE VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 1723)

Features
• Delivers load current of about
150mA without an external pass
transistor.
• Output voltage range 3Vdc to 37
Vdc
• .01%line regulation
• .03%load regulation
ADJUSTABLE VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 1723)

The diagram shows motorola’s

MC1723
• It is a general purpose regulator
and can be used as fixed ,variable
and switching regulator.
• The regulator requires an external
transistor and a 1mh choke.
• To minimize its power dissipation
during switching, external
transistor used must be switching
power transistor.
• The 1 mH choke smooths out
current pulses to the load
• Capacitor c holds out output
voltage at constant dc level.
 SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY

SMPS means Switch Mode Power Supply. This is used for D.C to D.C conversion.
This works on the principle of switching regulation. The SMPS system is highly
reliable, efficient, noiseless and compact because the switching is done at very
high rate in the order of several KHz to MHz
 Principle of Switching Regulator

• A pulse train drives the base of ‘switching or pass transistor’.

• When the voltage to the base is high, the transistor saturates, when
the voltage is low, the transistor turns off.
• Here the transistor functions as a switch. When the transistor is ON,
load current is drawn through the transistor and choke L.
• When the transistor is OFF the load current is maintained by the
energy stored in the choke L.
• The current flows through earth, Diode D, choke, load and earth.
Hence this diode is called ‘Retrieval Diode’.

Duty cycle of the Transistor D = On Time

On Time + Off Time
(one cycle time)
The output voltage = Input voltage x D
For example
If I/P voltage is 200 volts and D=0.25
O/P voltage = 200 x 0.25 = 50V.

Regulation is achieved by modifying the Duty cycle. Duty cycle

depends on onetime of transistor, which in turn depends on the
width of the pulse applied to the base of the transistor, which is
controlled by ‘Pulse width modulation’ by regulator circuit
Principle of Regulation
Regulation
 Regulation
The relaxation oscillator produces a square wave. The square wave is
integrated to get a triangular wave, which drives the non-inverting input of a
triangular to pulse converter. The pulse train out of this circuit then drives the
Pass Transistor. The output is sampled by a voltage divider and fed to a
comparator. The feed back voltage is compared with a reference voltage. The
output of the comparator then drives the input of the triangular to pulse
converter .
If the output voltage tries to increase the comparator produces a higher
output voltage which raises the reference voltage of the triangular- to pulse
converter. This makes the pulse that drives the base of the switching
transistor narrower. That means duty cycle is reduced. Since the duty cycle is
lower the output becomes less which tries to cancel almost all the original
increase in output voltage.

Conversely, if the regulated output voltage tries to decrease, the output of the
comparator decreases the reference voltage of the triangular -to pulse
converter. This makes the pulse wider and the transistor conducts for larger
time and more voltage comes out of the L.C.filter. This cancels out the
SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY
 SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY

Advantages of SMPS:
1.Lower weight
2.Smaller size
3.Higher efficiency
4.Lower power dissipation
5.Wide ac input voltage range
6.Reduced costs

Disadvantages of SMPS:
1.Complexity of the circuit
APPLICATIONS OF SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY