LINEAR INTEGRATED

CIRCUITS(EE3402)
UNIT V- SWITCHING REGULATORS
By
Jean Roderick A
(II Year EEE – A )
SWITCHING REGULATORS
TYPES OF SWITCHING REGULATORS

❏ STEP UP (OR) BOOST REGULATOR

❏ STEP DOWN (OR) BUCK REGULATOR
❏ SWITCHING BUCK BOOST REGULATOR
STEP DOWN (OR) BUCK SWITCHING REGULATOR

❏ The figure shows the practical switching regulator now in this figure the feedback element
are not shown
❏ Here at the base of transistor q1 the rectangular pulses are applied
❏ Also known as class a step down chopper
Operation of circuit
❏ Duty cycle can be given as

D= DVin

❏ D stands for duty cycle,the value of duty cycle is changed between zero and
one
❏ The output voltage is changed from zero to V in as from the equation we will
come through that as the output voltage is as average value of output voltage
is below input voltage or it is equal to input voltage and therefore it is also
called as buck converter or step-down converter
Modes of operation

❏ Transistor q1 is on
❏ Transistor q1 is off
ADVANTAGES
❏ It requires only one transistor
❏ it provides higher efficiency
❏ it provides linear current

DISADVANTAGES
❏ It does not provide a voltage having dual polarity
❏ Load current is unidirectional
Step-Up Switching Regulator
 Introduction
A step-up switching regulator, also known as a boost regulator, is a type of DC-DC
converter that increases the voltage level of an input voltage to a higher output voltage.
It is commonly used in applications where the input voltage is lower than the required
output voltage, such as in battery-powered devices or renewable energy systems.

The basic circuit topology of a step-up switching regulator consists of an inductor, a

diode, a capacitor, and a switch (usually a MOSFET). During the switch's on-time, the
inductor current increases and energy is stored in the inductor. When the switch turns
off, the inductor current decreases, and energy is transferred to the output capacitor
and load. The diode prevents the inductor current from reversing polarity during the
switch's off-time.
Working of a Step-Up Switching Regulator
The working of a step-up switching regulator can be explained through the following steps:

1. The input voltage is applied to the circuit, and the switch (MOSFET) is closed. This allows
current to flow through the inductor, which stores energy in the form of a magnetic field.
2. As the inductor current increases, the voltage across the inductor also increases. This
voltage opposes the input voltage and causes the output voltage to rise.
3. After a certain amount of time, the switch is opened, which causes the inductor current to
decrease. The stored energy in the inductor is then transferred to the output capacitor and
load.
4. The diode prevents the inductor current from reversing polarity during the switch's off-time.
This ensures that the energy stored in the inductor is transferred to the output.
5. The process is repeated continuously, with the switch being opened and closed at a high
frequency. By adjusting the duty cycle of the switch, the output voltage can be regulated to a
desired level.
 Case 1: When Q1 is ON
● During this case, Q1 is turned on, which
allows current to flow through the inductor
and into the output capacitor.
● As current flows through the inductor,
energy is stored in the magnetic field of the
inductor.
● The output capacitor charges up to the input
voltage plus the voltage drop across Q1 and
the diode.
● The voltage across the inductor is negative,
and the current through the inductor
increases linearly.
 Case 2: When Q1 is OFF
● During this case, Q1 is turned on, which allows
current to flow through the inductor and into the
output capacitor.
● As current flows through the inductor, energy is
stored in the magnetic field of the inductor.
● The output capacitor charges up to the input
voltage plus the voltage drop across Q1 and the
diode.
● The voltage across the inductor is negative, and
the current through the inductor increases
linearly.
 Waveforms for step up switching regulator
● The waveforms consist of a high-frequency square
wave for the switch and a sawtooth wave for the
inductor current.
● During the "on" phase, the switch is closed, and
the inductor current ramps up linearly while the
output capacitor charges up.
● During the "off" phase, the switch is open, and the
inductor current ramps down linearly while the
output capacitor discharges into the load.
● The switching frequency and duty cycle of the
square wave determine the output voltage level.
● The inductor and capacitor values determine the
amount of energy that can be stored and
transferred during the switching cycle.
● The waveforms can be analyzed to optimize the
design and performance of the step-up switching
regulator.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages

● The output voltage is higher than input voltage

● The efficiency is high, greater than 90%
● Low input ripple current
● Simple to design

Disadvantages

● High complexity
● Low efficiency
● Higher noise
● Limited output current
● Voltage ripple
SWITCHING BUCK BOOST REGULATOR

❏ This regulator having three modes of operation so let's understand the

operation
❏ When transistor q1 is on,point x and y are get short-
circuited as point x and y are get short-circuited we
can say Vxy is equal to 0 now in this mode of
operation the diode b1 is reverse bias so in this mode
the amount of voltage that we applied at the input will
be available at the inductor and current flows through
the inductor linearly in this mode inductor stores the
energy

❏ When transistor q1 gets off the current flowing

through the inductor gets interrupted and that will
induce negative voltage or that will induce a negative
current to a diode D now D is get turned on as it is get
forward bias this mode comes to the end till the time
when the diode current reduces to zero now here the
current flowing through inductor becomes negative
because of which the negative voltage is get
generated here the output voltage is negative and
capacitor is get charged with lower plate positive
❏ The third mode of operation is nothing but
the mode of operation in which all the
devices are in off condition when all the
devices are in off condition at that time the
capacitor c2 is get discharged through a
load and therefore the output voltage will
be obtained at the output voltage or low
voltage condition in this case the negative
polarity voltage will be available at the load
and this value of voltage is always higher
than the input voltage therefore this type of
regulators are used in the application
where negative polarity voltage higher than
input voltages are required now the circuit
provide advantage that it provides higher
value of output voltage it provides the
output voltage which is having a negative
polarity but the disadvantage of the circuit
is that the input current is discontinuous in
this type of circuit and also the peak
current flows through the transistor which
causes heating of transistor due to the
large power dissipation so this is what
about the three topologies that used for