EE428 Industrial Process

Control
Dr. Jawad Arif
 Silicon controlled rectifier
• An SCR is constructed from four alternately doped silicon
layers

• It has three junctions and three terminals.

• The terminal leads are called the anode (A), the cathode
(K), and the gate (G).
 Silicon controlled rectifier
• The SCR operates similarly to a standard diode,
where current flows only in the forward-biased
condition and is blocked when reverse biased.

• Therefore, the SCR is able to perform rectification.

Silicon controlled rectifier
• However, the conduction of the SCR does not begin until two
conditions exists simultaneously.
• It is forward biased
• A triggering signal is applied to the gate terminal
Silicon controlled rectifier
• Once the SCR is turned on, it conducts current like a regular diode
and acts like a latched switch.
• During conduction, the signal applied to the gate no longer has an
affect on the SCRs operation, and it remains on as rectifier long as the
current level does not fall below a predetermined value, which is
called the holding current.
Silicon controlled rectifier
• When the current drops below the holding current level, the SCR will
turn off.
• It cannot turn on again by applying a positive voltage to the gate
unless there is sufficient forward bias voltage across its anode and
cathode leads.
SCR equivalent circuit
SCR equivalent circuit
• With the switch connected to the base of Q2 open, the npn transistor
will not conduct because its emitter-base junction is not forward
biased.
• The non-conducting Q2 will, in turn, prevent Q1 from conducting
because there is no base current that can pass through the npn
transistor to the base of the pnp transistor.
 SCR equivalent circuit
• If switch is momentarily closed, the gate of Q2 is made positive in
respect to its emitter; the junction between them is forward biased and
turns the npn transistor on.

• This conduction causes the negative potential of power supply B to be

applied to the base of Q1.

• With the positive potential of power supply B at the emitter of Q1, its
emitter-base junction is forward biased, causing it to also turn on.
SCR Current voltage Curve
Triggering SCR
DC triggering
AC triggering
AC Triggering 0-90 degrees
AC Triggering 0-180 degrees
Phase control SCR circuit
Phase control SCR circuit
• When the negative alternation occurs, the SCR is reverse biased and
will not conduct. Diode D2 is forward biased, allowing current to
bypass R1 and charge the capacitor.
• Due to the minimal opposition of the charging capacitor, the current
through the motor is small enough to be ineffective.
Phase control SCR circuit
• When the positive alternation occurs, the alternation begins to rise, the SCR
becomes forward biased, and the capacitor begins to discharge the polarities it
received during the negative alternation.
• Once discharged, it recharges at the opposite polarity.
• The discharging and charging rates are determined by the component values of
the RC network.
• When the positive charge at the top plate of the capacitor is high enough, D1
forward biases and allows current to flow through to the gate and fire the SCR.
• The result is that the supply current flows through the motor during the
remaining portion of the alternation.
Over temperature alarm
Under temperature alarm
Unijunction Transistor
• A unijunction transistor (UJT) is a three-lead electronic
semiconductor device with only one junction that acts exclusively as
an electrically controlled switch.
• The UJT is not used as a linear amplifier.
Unijunction Transistor
Unijunction Transistor
• A bias voltage is connected across the junction with the emitter more
positive than B1.
• In its normal state, there is no current flow from B1 to the emitter.
• When the bias voltage reaches 7.7 V, the UJT turns on.
• Current continues to flow until the emitter voltage drops below the
point where the pn junction is no longer for-ward biased.
• The UJT turns off until the bias voltage again becomes 7.7 volts.
Unijunction Transistor
UJT for triggering SCR
UJT for triggering SCR
UJT as Relaxation oscillator
Diac
Diac
Triac
Triac
Triac
• A triac is basically a two-way SCR with one gate that passes current in
both directions.
• Its terminals are labeled MT1 (main terminal 1), MT2 (main terminal
2), and G (gate).
• When the triac is on, the primary current passes between MT1 and
MT2
Triac
• Mode 1: 1 When MT2 is more positive than MT1 and the gate is made
positive, the triac turns on and current flows from MT1 to MT2.
Triac
• Mode 2: When MT2 is more negative with respect to MT1 and the
gate is made positive, the triac will turn on and current will flow from
MT2 to MT1
Triac
• Mode 3: When MT2 is made more positive than.MT1 and a negative
voltage is applied to the gate, the triac fires and current flows from
MT1 to MT2.
Triac
• Mode 4: if MT2 is made negative in respect to MT1 and a negative
gate voltage is applied, the triac turns on and current flows from MT2
to MT1.
Triac
Motor control with Triac
Motor control with Triac
IGBTs
• In the 1980s, semiconductor designers developed a component that
combines the characteristics of a bipolartransistor (BJT) and a metal-
oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET).
• The device that was created is called an Insulated Gate Bipolar
Junction Transistor (IGBT).
• Combining these two devices provides the high current capabilities of
the BJT and the excellent fast switching capabilities of the MOSFET.
IGBTs