Experiment 5

Investigation of inductor volt second balance and capacitor charge balance and design
of boost converter.
Objective
• To study about Inductor volt second and capacitor charge second balance.
• To study and design boost converter.
Introduction
• Boost converter
A boost converter is a type of DC-DC converter circuit that steps up voltage from a lower
level to a higher level efficiently. Also known as a step-up converter, it is widely used in
various electronic devices, power supplies, battery charging systems, renewable energy
systems, and more. The primary function of a boost converter is to provide a higher
voltage output than the input voltage, making it an essential component in many
applications where power efficiency and voltage regulation are critical.
Working
The boost converter operates based on the principle of energy storage and release. It
consists of several key components including an inductor, a diode, a capacitor, and a
switch (often a MOSFET). The basic operation of a boost converter can be described in
the following steps:
1. Charging Phase (Switch On)
Initially, the switch (usually a MOSFET) is turned on, connecting the input voltage
source (Vin) to the inductor (L). As current flows through the inductor, it stores energy in
the form of a magnetic field. During this phase, the diode is reverse-biased and remains
off.
2. Energy Release Phase (Switch Off)
The switch is then turned off. As a result, the magnetic field collapses, inducing a
voltage across the inductor in the opposite direction. This causes the diode to become
forward-biased, allowing current to flow through the load (RL) and the capacitor (C). The
voltage across the load increases, and the capacitor stores energy, providing a boosted
output voltage (Vout) that is higher than the input voltage.
3. Regulation
The output voltage can be regulated by controlling the duty cycle of the switch (the ratio
of time the switch is on to the total switching period). By adjusting the duty cycle using a
feedback mechanism, the output voltage can be maintained at the desired level despite
variations in the input voltage or load conditions.
 Figure 1: Boost converter circuit diagram

• Inductor volt second balance

The principle of inductor volt-second balance in switching converters dictates that over a
complete switching cycle, the average voltage acrossthe inductor must be zero. This is
due to the passive nature of the inductor, which cannot store energy indefinitely. During
the on-time of the switch, energy is stored in the inductor's magnetic field, causing the
voltage across it to increase. Conversely, during the offtime, the stored energy is released,
causing the voltage across the inductor to decrease. By adjusting the duty cycle of the
switch, the balance between on-time and off-time is controlled, ensuring that the average
voltage across the inductor remains zero and preventing excessive stresses on the circuit
components.

• Capacitor charge balance

The capacitor charge balance principle is a fundamental concept in electronics,
particularly in circuits involving capacitors such as DC-DC converters, filters, and energy
storage systems. It states that over a complete charging and discharging cycle of a
capacitor, the net charge accumulated on the capacitor remains constant. This principle
arises from the conservation of electric charge, where the charge stored on the
capacitor is the integral of the current flowing through it with respect to time. During the
charging phase, the capacitor accumulates charge as it charges up, storing electrical
energy. Conversely, during the discharging phase, the capacitor releases charge as it
discharges, supplying energy to the load. The capacitor charge balance principle
ensures that the total charge entering and leaving the capacitor over one cycle is equal,
maintaining charge conservation and circuit equilibrium. This principle is crucial in the
design and analysis of electronic circuits, enabling engineers to predict and control the
behavior of capacitive elements accurately.
Lab tasks
• Task 1
Calculate voltage and current ripple in the given simulation circuit output.
Circuit

Waveform
 • Task 2
Use integrator to verify inductor volt second balance and comment on output.
Circuit
Waveform
 • Task 3
Use integrator to verify capacitor charge balance and comment on it.
Circuit
Waveform
 • Task 4
Design boost converter with following constraints.
VG (INPUT VOLTAGE) = ROLL NO
D (DUTY CYCLE) = 0.5
F (FREQUENCY) = 100 KHZ
ΔV (VOLTAGE RIPPLE) = 1 % OF VOUT
ΔI (CURRENT RIPPLE) = 10 % OF AVG LOAD CURRENT
V (OUTPUT VOLTAGE) = 20 V
R (LOAD) = 5 Ω
Calculations
Circuit
Waveform
Verification
Verification
 • Conclusion
In this lab, we found that increasing the frequency of the pulse voltage leads to a reduction
in voltage and current ripple. Additionally, adjusting the duty cycle allows for changes in
the output voltage. It was observed that under steady state conditions, the average
voltage across the inductor and the average current flowing through the capacitor both
approach zero.