CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO BUCK CONVERTER
In switching power converter control the controller output has one of two
states: “ON” or “OFF”. These applications are not well suited to standard linear
control design methodologies. A switching technique involving hysteresis is
commonly used for these types of power converters. The major drawback of
this method is a lack of robustness, so the dead zone is chosen to optimize
performance for the nominal plant under one set of conditions.
A solution for increasing the system robustness can be the fuzzy control.
A fuzzy controller may be intuitively designed with relative simplicity and it
has the potential to be very robust. A rough knowledge of the system’s behavior
is needed Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS) can be used to approximate any
continuous function and, hence, every continuous control law mapping the state
vector into a control action. Unfortunately, fuzzy control has the drawback that
proof of stability is generally difficult, and, also, it is sometimes not so intuitive
how to improve the performance of a fuzzy controller.
For simplicity of design, reliability or economic reasons, the engineer has
the problem of deciding on the bang-bang control law for switching power
converter.
Any way, bang-bang control problems have long been of interest to
control engineers, and application of ideas from fuzzy logic in these problems
has given recently some useful and interesting results. In the context of the
optimal control theory, analyze of the bang-bang control functions has been a
special interest because the most controllers have a limited set of output values.
It is know that an approximation of an optimal control by a bang-bang function,
does not give an optimal bang-bang control.

1
1.2 DC-DC CONVERTERS

There are three basic types of dc-dc converter circuits, termed as buck,
boost and buck-boost. In all of these circuits, a power device is used as a switch.
This device earlier used was a thyristor, which is turned on by a pulse fed at its
gate. In all these circuits, the thyristor is connected in series with load to a dc
supply, or a positive (forward) voltage is applied between anode and cathode
terminals. The thyristor turns off, when the current decreases below the holding
current, or a reverse (negative) voltage is applied between anode and cathode
terminals. So, a thyristor is to be force-commutated, for which additional circuit
is to be used, where another thyristor is often used. Later, GTO’s came into the
market, which can also be turned off by a negative current fed at its gate, unlike
thyristors, requiring proper control circuit. The turnon and turn-off times of
GTOs are lower than those of thyristors. So, the frequency used in GTObased
choppers can be increased, thus reducing the size of filters. Earlier, dc-dc
converters were called ‘choppers’, where thyristors or GTOs are used. It may be
noted here that buck converter (dc-dc) is called as ‘step-down chopper’,
whereas boost converter (dc-dc) is a ‘step-up chopper’. In the case of chopper,
no buck-boost type was used.
With the advent of bipolar junction transistor (BJT), which is termed as
self-commutated device, it is used as a switch, instead of thyristor, in dc-dc
converters. This device (NPN transistor) is switched on by a positive current
through the base and emitter, and then switched off by withdrawing the above
signal. The collector is connected to a positive voltage. Now-adays, MOSFETs
are used as a switching device in low voltage and high current applications. It
may be noted that, as the turn-on and turn-off time of MOSFETs are lower as
compared to other switching devices, the frequency used for the dc-dc
converters using it (MOSFET) is high, thus, reducing the size of filters as stated
earlier. These converters are now being used for applications, one of the most
important being Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS). Similarly, when

2
application requires high voltage, Insulated Gate Bi-polar Transistors (IGBT)
are preferred over BJTs, as the turn-on and turn-off times of IGBTs are lower
than those of power transistors (BJT), thus the frequency can be increased in the
converters using them. So, mostly self-commutated devices of transistor family
as described are being increasingly used in dc-dc converters.

Fig [1.1] Buck converter circuit diagram

3
1.3 BUCK CONVERTER
Buck converter is a transistor switched by PWM trigger pulses and a
diode provides a current continuation path when the transistor is off, thus the
input voltage is chopped. A lowpass LC filter is used to attenuate the switching
ripple at the output. The input current to a basic buck converter is
discontinuous; therefore, in many applications an LC prefilter is applied to
reduce EMI. The output voltage vo is related to the input voltage vi by vo = vid
and it can be controlled by varying the duty ratio d. Isolated version of a buck
converter include forward, push-pull, half-bridge, and bridge converters. Also
called chopper or step-down converter.

Fig.[1.2] - Buck converter Block Diagram

4
1.4 THEORY OF OPERATION
The name “Buck Converter” presumably evolves from the fact that the
input voltage is bucked/chopped or attenuated, in amplitude and a lower
amplitude voltage appears at the output. A buck converter, or step-down voltage
regulator, provides non-isolated, switch-mode dc-dc conversion with the
advantages of simplicity and low cost. Figure [1.2] shows a simplified non-
isolated buck converter that accepts a dc input and uses pulse-width modulation
(PWM) of switching frequency to control the output of an internal power
MOSFET. An external diode, together with external inductor and output
capacitor, produces the regulated dc output.
Buck, or step down converters produce an average output voltage lower
than the input source voltage.

Fig.[1.3] – Switching regulator topology

1.5 EVOLUTION OF A BUCK CONVERTER:

The buck converter here onwards is introduced using the evolutionary
approach. Let us consider the circuit in Figure [1.4], containing a single pole
double-throw switch.

Fig.[1.4] – A resistor with a single-pole double-throw switch

5
 For the circuit in Figure [1.4], the output voltage equals the input voltage
when the switch is in position A and it is zero when the switch is in position B.
By varying the duration for which the switch is in position A and B, it can be
seen that the average output voltage can be varied, but the output voltage is not
pure dc. The circuit in Figure [1.4] can be modified as shown in Figure [1.5] by
adding an inductor in series with the load resistor. An inductor reduces ripple in
current passing through it and the output voltage would contain less ripple
content since the current through the load resistor is the same as that of the
inductor. When the switch is in position A, the current through the inductor
increases and the energy stored in the inductor increases. When the switch is in
position B, the inductor acts as a source and maintains the current through the
load resistor. During this period, the energy stored in the inductor decreases and
its current falls. It is important to note that there is continuous conduction
through the load for this circuit. If the time constant due to the inductor and load
resistor is relatively large compared with the period for which the switch is in
position A or B, then the rise and fall of current through inductor is more or less
linear, as shown in Figure [1.5].

Fig.[1.5] – Effect of an Inductor

The next step in the evolutionary development of the buck converter is to

add a capacitor across the load resistor and this circuit is shown in Figure [1.6].
A capacitor reduces the ripple content in voltage across it, whereas an inductor
smoothes the current passing through it. The combined action of LC filter
reduces the ripple in output to a very low level.
6
 Fig.[1.6] – Circuit with an LC filter

With the circuit in Figure [1.6] it is possible to have a power

semiconductor switch to correspond to the switch in position A and a diode in
position B. The circuit that results is shown in Figure [1.7]. When the switch is
in position B, the current will pass through the diode. The important thing now
is the controlling of the power semiconductor switch.

Fig.[1.7] – Buck converter with Load resistor

The circuit in Figure [1.7] can be regarded as the most elementary buck
converter without a feedback. The Buck Converter transfers small packets of
energy with the help of a power switch, a diode, and an inductor and is
accompanied by an output filter capacitor and input filter. This circuit can be
further modified by adding the feedback part which is integral for a SMPS
because based on the feedback it stabilizes the output. Such a circuit is shown in
the Figure [1.8].

7
 Fig.[1.8] – Buck converter with PWM controller

The PWM Controller Figure [1.8] compares a portion of the rectified dc

output with a voltage reference (Vref ) and varies the PWM duty cycle to
maintain a constant dc output voltage. If the output voltage wants to increase,
the PWM lowers its duty cycle to reduce the regulated output, keeping it at its
proper voltage level. Conversely, if the output voltage tends to go down, the
feedback causes the PWM duty cycle to increase and maintain the proper
output. A buck converter or step-down switch mode power supply can also be
called a switch mode regulator.

1.6 DIFFERENT COMPONENTS IN THE BUCK CONVERTER:

As just seen in the previous section that any basic switched power supply
consists of five standard components:
• Transistor Switch (Active Switch)
• Inductor
• Capacitor
• Diode (Passive Switch)
• Pulse-Width Modulating Controller

8
1.6.1 SWITCH
In its crudest form a switch can be a toggle switch which switches
between supply voltage and ground. But for all practical applications which
we shall consider we will deal with transistors. Transistors chosen for use in
switching power supplies must have fast switching times and should be able
to withstand the voltage spikes produced by the inductor. The input on the
gate of the transistor is normally a Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) signal
which will determine the ON and OFF time. Sizing of the power switch is
determined by the load current and off-state voltage capability.
Another new device likely to displace the BJT in many high power
applications is the Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT). This device
combines the low power drive characteristics of the MOSFET with the low
conduction losses and high blocking voltage characteristics of the BJT.
Therefore the device is highly suited to high power, high voltage
applications.

1.6.1.1 OPERATING FREQUENCY

The operating frequency determines the performance of the switch.
Switching frequency selection is typically determined by efficiency
requirements. There is now a growing trend in research work and new power
supply designs in increasing the switching frequencies. The higher is the
switching frequency, the smaller the physical size and component value. The
reason for this is to reduce even further the overall size of the power supply
in line with miniaturization trends in electronic and computer systems.

9
1.6.2 INDUCTOR
The function of the inductor is to limit the current slew rate (limit the
current inrush) through the power switch when the circuit is ON. The current
through the inductor cannot change suddenly. When the current through an
inductor tends to fall, the inductor tends to maintain the current by acting as a
source. This limits the otherwise high-peak current that would be limited by
the switch resistance alone. The key advantage is when the inductor is used to
drop voltage, it stores energy. Also the inductor controls the percent of the
ripple and determines whether or not the circuit is operating in the continuous
mode.

1.6.3 CAPACITOR
Capacitor provides the filtering action by providing a path for the
harmonic currents away from the load. Output +capacitance (across the load)
is required to minimize the voltage overshoot and ripple present at the output
of a step-down converter. The capacitor is large enough so that its voltage
does not have any noticeable change during the time the switch is off. Large
overshoots are caused by insufficient output capacitance, and large voltage
ripple is caused by insufficient capacitance as well as a high equivalent-series
resistance (ESR) in the output capacitor. The maximum allowed output-
voltage overshoot and ripple are usually specified at the time of design. Thus,
to meet the ripple specification for a step-down converter circuit, we must
include an output capacitor with ample capacitance and low ESR.
The problem of overshoot, in which the output-voltage overshoots its
regulated value when a full load is suddenly removed from the output,
requires that the output capacitor be large enough to prevent stored inductor
energy from launching the output above the specified maximum output
voltage.

10
1.6.4 FREEWHEELING DIODE
Since the current in the inductor cannot change suddenly, a path must
exist for the inductor current when the switch is off (open). This path is
provided by freewheeling diode (or catch diode). The purpose of this diode is
not to rectify, but to direct current flow in the circuit and to ensure that there
is always a path for the current to flow into the inductor. It is also necessary
that this diode should be able to turn off relatively fast. Thus the diode
enables the converter to convert stored energy in the inductor to the load.

1.6.5 FEEDBACK
Feedback and control circuitry can be carefully nested around these
circuits to regulate the energy transfer and maintain a constant output within
normal operating conditions. Control by pulse-width modulation is necessary
for regulating the output.

1.7 CONVENTIONAL PI-PWM CONTROLLER

The heart of a switching power supply is its switch control circuit
(controller). One of the key objectives in designing a controller for the power
converter is to obtain tight output voltage regulation under different line and
load conditions. Often, the control circuit is a negative-feedback control loop
connected to the switch through a comparator and a Pulse Width Modulator
(PWM). The switch control signal (PWM), controls the state (on or off) of
the switch. This control circuit regulates the output voltage against changes in
the load and the input voltage. PWM is the method of choice to control
modern power electronics circuits.

Basic idea is to control the duty cycle of a switch such that a load sees a
controllable average voltage. To achieve this, the switching frequency
(repetition frequency for the PWM signal) is chosen high enough that the

11
load cannot follow the individual switching events and they appear just a
“blur” to the load, which reacts only to the average state of the switch.

With pulse-width modulation control, the regulation of output voltage is

achieved by varying the duty cycle of the switch, keeping the frequency of
operation constant. Duty cycle refers to the ratio of the period for which the
power semiconductor is kept ON to the cycle period. A clearer understanding
can be acquired by the Figure [1.9].

Fig.[1.9] – PWM signal

The Figure [1.9] shows PWM signals for 10% (a), 50% (b), and 90% (c)
duty cycles. Usually control by PWM is the preferred method since constant
frequency operation leads to optimization of LC filter and the ripple content
in output voltage can be controlled within the set limits.

The PWM switching at a constant switching frequency is generated by

comparing a signal-level control voltage control v with a repetitive waveform
as shown in Figure [1.10].

12
 Fig.[1.10] – PWM comparator signals

1.8 FUZZY LOGIC - INTRODUCTION

Fuzzy logic is a powerful problem-solving methodology with a myriad of
applications in embedded control and information processing.fuzzy provides
remarkably simple way to draw definite conclusions from vague, ambiguous or
imprecise information. In a sense, fuzzy logic resembles human decision
making with its ability to work from approximate data and find precise
solutions.

Unlike classical logic, which requires a deep understanding of a system,

exact equations and precise numeric values. Fuzzy logic incorporates an
alternative way of thinking, which allows modeling complex systems using a
higher level of abstraction originating from our knowledge and experience.

Fuzzy logic has been gaining increasing acceptance during the past few
years. There are over two thousand commercially available products using
fuzzy logic.

Fuzzy logic has been found suitable for embedded control applications.
Several manufacturers in the automotive industry are using fuzzy technology to
improve quality and reduce development time.

13
1.9 DESIGN PROCEDURE
1.9.1 DUTY CYCLE DESIGN
This section describes the steps to design the continuos mode buck converter
To analyze the voltages of this circuit let us consider the changes in the inductor
current over one cycle. From the relation

Vx –Vo = L di/dt

The change of current satisfies

off

di = ∫ (Vx
on
Vo)dt + / (Vx - Vo)dt

For steady state operations the current at the start and the end of a period T
will not change. To get a simple relation between voltages we assume no
voltage drop across transistor or diode while ON and a perfect switch change.
Thus during the ON time
Vx=Vin
and in the OFF time Vx =0. Thus
0 = di = /(Vin –Vo)dt + / (-Vo)dt
Which simplifies (Vin-Vo)ton – Vo toff = 0 to
Vo/Vin = ton/T
And defining “duty ratio” as
∂ = ton/T

14
1.9.2 PULSE WIDTH MODULATION OPERATION IN FUZZY
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique is a usually technique to
control output voltage. The imposed output voltage ripple can be obtained by
filtering the output voltage through an appropriate capacitor, C, correlate with
variable load, R.

An improved dynamic is obtained using a PI controller tuned by different

classic or AI techniques (neurofuzzy, genetic algorithms, chaotic etc.).The
classical PWM feedback produces in stabilized regime a fixed switching
frequency, fsw, which is the frequency of the sawtooth voltage, used to obtain
the PWM command for the IGBT switch. The output voltage spectrum is
concentrate at the switching frequency and its harmonics and where kp and ωn
represent tuning parameters in the frequency.

1.9.3 CONTROLLER DESIGN

Conventional control has provided numerous methods for constructing
controllers for dynamic systems. Some of these are listed below,

• Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control: Over 90% of the controllers

in operation today are PID controllers (or at least some form of PID controller
like a P or PI controller). This approach is often viewed as simple, reliable, and
easy to understand. Often, like fuzzy controllers, heuristics are used to tune PID
controllers
(e.g., the Zeigler-Nichols tuning rules).

• Classical control: Lead-lag compensation, Bode and Nyquist methods, root-

locus design, and so on.

• State-space methods: State feedback, observers, and so on.

15
• Optimal control: Linear quadratic regulator, use of Pontryagin’s minimum
principle or dynamic programming, and so on.

• Robust control: H2 or H∞ methods, quantitative feedback theory, loop

shaping, and so on.

• Nonlinear methods: Feedback linearization, Lyapunov redesign, sliding

mode control, back stepping, and so on.

• Adaptive control: Model reference adaptive control, self-tuning regulators

nonlinear adaptive control, and so on.

• Stochastic control: Minimum variance control, linear quadratic gaussian

(LQG)control, stochastic adaptive control, and so on.

• Discrete event systems: Petri nets, supervisory control, infinitesimal

perturbation analysis, and so on.

Basically, these conventional approaches to control system design offer a

variety of ways to utilize information from mathematical models on how to do
good control.

16
 CHAPTER 2
FUZZY BANG-BANG CONTROL OF BUCK REGULATOR
2.1 THEORY OF CIRCUIT OPERATION
A new control technique that implies only a nonlinear controller in the
buck feedback is proposed and used. The evaluation of its dynamics and
showing the stabilization performances represents the objective The basic idea
is to have a small loop gain if the output voltage ripple is small, too, and, if the
output voltage ripple increase, the loop gain rise quickly to a value that assure
the stability of the overall feedback loop.

Fig [2.1] Block Diagram - Fuzzy Bang-Bang control of Buck Regulator

The supply source is DC voltage source, from which the load is fed
through a buck converter comprising a switch, freewheeling diode, LC filter.
The switch is controlled by PWM signal, which decides the duty cycle of the
converter. In fuzzy logic control the fuzzy controller generates the PWM signal.
The fuzzy controller receives to inputs, one is the error signal and the other is
the change in error signal. Comparing the output voltage with the desired
reference voltage by a comparator generates the error signal. A delay element is
17
used to produce the change in error signal. The delay element may be either a
memory of flip-flop. This change in error signal I produced by comparing the
present and previous error signals. These two inputs are given to the fuzzy
controller. The output from the fuzzy controller produces the PWM signal,
which in turn controls the switch’s duty cycle, and the desired output voltage is
achieved.

2.2 FUZZY CONTROL

The fuzzy controller is composed of the following four elements:
1. A rule-base (a set of If-Then rules), which contains a fuzzy logic
quantification of the expert’s linguistic description of how to achieve good
control.

2. An inference mechanism (also called an “inference engine” or “fuzzy

inference” module), which emulates the expert’s decision making in interpreting
and applying knowledge about how best to control the plant.

3. A fuzzification interface, which converts controller inputs into information

that the inference mechanism can easily use to activate and apply rules.

4. A defuzzification interface, which converts the conclusions of the inference

mechanism into actual inputs for the process.

Fig [2.2] Basic fuzzy controller

18
2.3 FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL FOR BUCK REGULATOR
A solution for increasing the system robustness can be the fuzzy control.
A fuzzy controller may be intuitively designed with relative simplicity and it
has potential to be very robust. A rough knowledge of the system’s behavior is
needed. Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS) can be used to approximate any
continuous function and, hence, every continuous control law mapping the state
vector into a control action. Unfortunately, fuzzy control has the drawback that
proof of stability is generally difficult, and, also, it is sometimes not so intuitive
how to improve the performance of fuzzy controller .For simplicity of design,
reliability or economic reasons, the engineer has the problem of deciding on the
bang-bang control law for switching power converter. Any way, bang-bang
control problems have long been of interest to control engineers, and application
of ideas from fuzzy logic in these problems has given recently some useful and
interesting results. In the context of the optimal control theory, analyze of the
bang-bang control functions has been a special interest because the most
controllers have a limited set of output values. It is know that an approximation
of an optimal control by a bang-bang function does not give an optimal bang-
bang control.

2.4 FUZZY INFERENCING

The process of fuzzy reasoning is incorporated into what is called a Fuzzy
Inferencing System. It is comprised of three steps that process the system inputs
to the appropriate system outputs. These steps are 1) Fuzzification, 2) Rule
Evaluation, and 3) Defuzzification. The system is illustrated in the following
figure (2.3).

19
 Fig(2.3) Fuzzy inferencing block

2.5 FUZZIFICATION
Fuzzification is the first step in the fuzzy inferencing process. This
involves a domain transformation where crisp inputs are transformed into fuzzy
inputs. Crisp inputs are exact inputs measured by sensors and passed into the
control system for processing, such as temperature, pressure, rpm's, etc.. Each
crisp input that is to be processed by the FIU has its own group of membership
functions or sets to which they are transformed. This group of membership
functions exists within a universe of discourse that holds all relevant values that
the crisp input can possess. The following figure (2.4) shows the structure of
membership functions within a universe of discourse for a crisp input.

20
 Fig(2.4)Fuzzification

where:

degree of membership: degree to which a crisp value is compatible to a

membership function, value from 0 to 1, also known as truth value or fuzzy
input.

membership function, MF: defines a fuzzy set by mapping crisp values from
its domain to the sets associated degree of membership.

crisp inputs: distinct or exact inputs to a certain system variable, usually

measured parameters external from the control system, e.g. 6 Volts.

label: descriptive name used to identify a membership function.

scope: or domain, the width of the membership function, the range of concepts,
usually numbers, over which a membership function is mapped.

Universe of discourse: range of all possible values, or concepts, applicable to a

system variable.

When designing the number of membership functions for an input

variable, labels must initially be determined for the membership functions. The
21
number of labels corresponds to the number of regions that the universe should
be divided, such that each label describes a region of behavior. A scope must be
assigned to each membership function that numerically identifies the range of
input values that correspond to a label.

The shape of the membership function should be representative of

variable. However this shape is also restricted by the computing resources
available. Complicated shapes require more complex descriptive equations or
large lookup tables. The next figure shows examples of possible shapes for
membership functions.

FIG(2.5) Membership function shapes

When considering the number of membership functions to exist within the

universe of discourse, one must consider that:

i) Too few membership functions for a given application will cause the response
of the system to be too slow and fail to provide sufficient output control in time
to recover from a small input change. This may also cause oscillation in the
system.

ii) Too many membership functions may cause rapid firing of different rule
consequents for small changes in input, resulting in large output changes, which
may cause instability in the system.

22
These membership functions should also be overlapped. No overlap reduces a
system based on Boolean logic. Every input point on the universe of discourse
should belong to the scope of at least one but no more than two membership
functions. No two-membership functions should have the same point of
maximum truth, (1). When two membership functions overlap, the sum of truths
or grades for any point within the overlap should be less than or equal to 1.
Overlap should not cross the point of maximal truth of either membership
function. Marsh has proposed two indices to describe the overlap of
membership functions quantitatively. These are overlap ratio and overlap
robustness.

Fig(2.6) Slope of membership functions

The fuzzification process maps each crisp input on the universe of

discourse, and its intersection with each membership function is transposed onto
the μ axis as illustrated in the previous figure. These μ values are the degrees of
truth for each crisp input and are associated with each label as fuzzy inputs.
These fuzzy inputs are then passed on to the next step, Rule Evaluation.

23
2.6 FUZZY RULES
We briefly comment on so-called fuzzy IF-THEN rules introduced by
Zadeh. They may be understood as partial imprecise knowledge on some crisp
function and have (in the simplest case) the form IF x is Ai THEN y is Bi. They
should not be immediately understood as implications; think of a table relating
values of a (dependent) variable y to values of an (independent variable) x:

Ai, Bi may be crisp (concrete numbers) or fuzzy (small, medium, Large) It may
be understood in two, in general non-equivalent ways: (1) as a listing of n
possibilities, called Mamdani's formula:

24
2.7 DEFUZZIFICATION
Defuzzification involves the process of transposing the fuzzy outputs to
crisp outputs. There are a variety of methods to achieve this, however this
discussion is limited to the process used in this thesis design.

A method of averaging is utilized here, and is known as the Center of

Gravity method or COG, it is a method of calculating centroids of sets. The
output membership functions to which the fuzzy outputs are transposed are
restricted to being singletons. This is so to limit the degree of calculation
intensity in the micro controller. The fuzzy outputs are transposed to their
membership functions similarly as in fuzzification. With COG the singleton
values of outputs are calculated using a weighted average, illustrated in the next
figure. The crisp output is the result and is passed out of the fuzzy inferencing
system for processing elsewhere.

Fig(2.7) Crisp output

25
2.8 FUZZY INTERFERENCE SYSTEMS
Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS) can be used to approximate any
continuous function and, hence, every continuous control law mapping the state
vector into a control action.

2.9 FIS MEMBERSHIP FUNCTIONS

Fig(2.8) FIS Block

FIG (2.9) FIS Input - Error membership function

26
FIG (2.10) FIS Input - Change in error membership function

FIG(2.11) FIS Output membership function

27
2.10 FUZZY ASSOCIATION MEMORY [FAM]

Error
NB NM NS Z PS PM PB
Change in error

NB NB NB NB NB NM NS Z
NM NB NB NB NM NS Z PS
NS NB NB NM NS Z PS PM
Z NB NM NS Z PS PM PB
PS NM NS Z PS PM PB PB
PM NS Z PS PM PB PB PB
PB Z PS PM PB PB PB PB

TABLE [2.1] Fuzzy Rule Table

Based on the relationship between input and output variables a total of 49

rules [corresponding to 49 meaningful states in the FAM table] are composed
from the FAM table.

Description Fuzzy
Association
Negative Big NB
Negative Medium NM
Negative Small NS
Zero Z
Positive Small PS
Positive Medium PM
Positive Big PB

TABLE [2.2] Fuzzy Membership Variables Description

28
2.11 APPLICATIONS OF FUZZY LOGIC SYSTEMS
Areas in which fuzzy logic has been successfully applied are often quite
concrete. The first major commercial application was in the area of cement kiln
control. Other applications, which have benefited through the use of fuzzy
systems theory

• a navigation system for automatic cars,

• predicative fuzzy-logic controller for automatic operation of trains,

• laboratory water level controllers,

• controllers for robot arc-welders,

• feature-definition controllers for robot vision,

• graphics controllers for automated police sketchers, and more.

29
 CHAPTER 3
MATLAB/SIMULINK MODEL

3.1 CONVENTIONAL BUCK CONVERTER CIRCUIT OPERATION

Fig [3.1] Conventional Buck Converter Circuit

The PWM feedback produces in stabilized regime a fixed switching

frequency, which is the frequency of the saw tooth voltage used to obtain the
PWM command for IGBT switch .The output volage spectrum is concentrate at
the switching frequency and its harmonics and output voltage ripple is higher.

3.2 BUCK REGULATOR OUTPUT

The diagram represents the buck regulator output for the circuit under
conventional circuit operation. From the DC supply source of 20V the buck
converter feeds a load of 20 ohms, 12V. Using the PI controller for producing
the PWM signal, the output experiences peak overshoot, that is the output
voltage rises above the desired level initially for some time, and then the output

30
gradually reaches a steady state. Correspondingly the PWM duty cycle gets
varied. This is shown in the following figure [3.2].

Fig [3.2] Conventional Buck Converter Output

3.3 PWM SIGNAL GENERATION

This waveform represents the PWM signal generation of the conventional
buck converter circuit in which the saw tooth waveform and the error signal and
the corresponding PWM signal is generated. From the following figure [3.3] it
can be seen that the error [difference between the actual output voltage and the
desired voltage] is initially large, so the pulse width is wider, that is the duty
cycle high and as the output voltage builds up, the error get reduced and the
pulse width is also getting narrow. After some time duration the output voltage
approximately stabilized, but with ripple voltage present in the output.

31
 Fig [3.3] PWM Signal Generation

3.4 RESPONSE TO CHANGE IN LOAD

When the load current increases from 0.5A to 1.2A the output voltage
drops from the desired 12V to undesired 10V for a time period then the output
starts to build up to the regulated output of 12V. This voltage dip may cause
some of the sensitive loads to malfunction or may not function at all. The
behavior of the circuit under change in load current is shown in figure [3.4].

Parameter Value
Peak Overshoot 16 Volts
Rise time 0.003 Sec.
Settling Time Infinite
Table [3.1] PI-Response to change in Load

32
 Fig [3.4] Conventional Buck Converter Under Change In Load

3.5 OPERATION OF BUCK CONVERTER –FUZZY LOGIC CIRCUIT

A new control technique that implies the use of fuzzy logic concept to
generate the pulse width modulation is employed in which the higher voltage
ripple as in the case of conventional circuit is reduced.

Fig [3.5] Fuzzy Logic Employed Buck Converter Circuit

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3.6 BUCK CONVERTER BLOCK

The buck regulator circuit is shown in the figure [3.6] which receives the
output generated by the fuzzy PWM block to its switch through port 1 indicated
in the figure.

Fig [3.6] Buck Converter Circuit

3.7 FUZZY PWM BLOCK IN THE CIRCUIT

The fuzzy controller controlled PWM generation block which is

employed in the circuit is shown in the figure [3.7]

Fig [3.7] Fuzzy PWM Block Circuit

34
 CHAPTER 4
SIMULATION RESULTS
4.1 FUZZY BANG-BANG CONTROL OF BUCK CONVERTER UNDER
CONSTANT LOAD
The circuit represents the fuzzy bang-bang control of buck regulator
under constant load condition in which the load is kept constant. The circuit is
as shown in figure [4.1]

Fig [4.1] Fuzzy Bang Bang Control Of Buck Converter Circuit Under Constant Load

In this circuit shown above figure [4.1] the buck converter is made as
subsystem in Matlab. The load connected at the output is 10Ω . With a source
DC voltage of 20V constant supply, it is desired to have 12V as Vref at the
output. Thus for the constant load connected, the load current will be 1.2Amps.
The output voltage is feedback to the PWM circuit where the fuzzy logic
controller compares the output with Vref and produces corresponding PWM
signal of required duty cycle to the buck converter’s switch. Thus the desired
lower output voltage from a high input source is obtained from buck converter.
The output waveforms are shown in figure [4.2].

35
4.1.1 OUTPUT UNDER CONSTANT LOAD CONDITION
The following waveforms represent the load current and output voltage
under constant load conditions. It is shown in figure [4.2].

Fig [4.2] Fuzzy Bang Bang Control Output voltage and current under constant load

It can be seen from the above figure that the output voltage reaches a
steady state without any peak overshoot. When the output voltage reaches the
desired voltage of 12V, the output gets stabilized. The disadvantages of peak
overshoot and ripple voltages are eliminated in the fuzzy bang-bang control.

Parameter Value
Peak Overshoot 0 Volts
Rise time 0.01 Sec.
Settling Time 0.015 Sec
Table [4.1] Fuzzy response under constant Load

4.1.2 PWM GENERATION UNDER CONSTANT LOAD CONDITION

36
 The PWM signal generation waveform and the corresponding error signal
and the PWM signal is represented figure [4.3].,

Fig [4.3] Fuzzy Bang Bang Control PWM Signal Generation

It can be seen from the above figure that since the load current is
constant, the fuzzy controller sends out a constant PWM signal so that the
output voltage is maintained constant. The duty cycle remains same during the
entire period of the circuit operation.

37
4.2 FUZZY BANG BANG CONTROL OF BUCK CONVERTER UNDER
INCREASED LOAD CONDITIONS
With the constant load circuit arrangement, an additional 2.5Ω resistor is
connected in parallel to increase the load current. The simulation is arranged
such that for duration of 0.05 sec the load current is 1.2A with 10Ω resistor
alone. After 0.05 sec the breaker is closed so that the 2.5Ω resistor is include in
the circuit in parallel with the 10Ω resistor.

Fif [4.4] Fuzzy Bang Bang Control Under Increased Load Condition

With the existing 10Ω load an additional 2.5Ω load is connected in

parallel. This reduces the equivalent resistance to 2Ω . So the load current
increases from 1.2Amps to 6 Amps. During this heavy increase in load current
period the output response of the fuzzy controller is shown in figure [4.5].

38
4.2.1 OUTPUT WAVEFORMS UNDER INCREASED LOAD

For the increased load conditions the load current and the output voltage
will be as in figure [4.5].

Fig [4.5] Fuzzy Bang Bang Control Under Increased Load Condition Load Current And
Output Voltage.

39
4.3 FUZZY BANG BANG CONTROL OF BUCK CONVERTER UNDER
CHANGE IN SOURCE VOLTAGE
The fuzzy bang bang control of buck converter under change in source voltage
is represented in figure [4.6].

Fig [4.6] Fuzzy Bang Bang Control Under Change In Source Voltage.

Here the input source voltage is changed to + 10% of 20V DC, that is
from 18V to 22V DC, the source voltage varies. With the help of step input
block the input source voltage is kept at 22V DC for 0.08 sec and then the
source voltage is reduced to 18V DC. During this period of change in source
voltage also the output voltage remains constant at the desired 12V DC at the
load terminals. This is shown in figure [4.7].

40
4.3.1 OUTPUT WAVEFORMS WHEN SOURCE VOLTAGE CHANGES

For the source voltage change of + 10% of 20V from 22V to 18V DC, the
corresponding load current and the output voltage will be as shown in figure
[4.7]

Fig [4.7] Load Current , Output Voltage Under Change In Source Voltage

It can be seen from the above figure that during the change in source
voltage at 0.08 sec, there is a very minute disturbance at the output which is
momentary only and it does not affect the performance of the load.

41
The corresponding PWM signal and fuzzy output signal will be as shown in
figure [4.8].

Fig [4.8] PWM Signal And Fuzzy Output Signal

The fuzzy controller sends out the PWM signal until 0.08 sec at the level
of 1.15 when the source voltage is 22V DC. When the source voltage reduced at
0.08 sec the fuzzy controller adjusts immediately to the change in source
voltage by giving out a high level fuzzy signal of 1.41 to the PWM signal in
order to maintain the output voltage at the desired 12V DC by adjusting the duty
cycle of the switch in the buck converter.

42
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
The proposed control takes the advantages of the bang bang control and
of fuzzy control. Its performance are tested and compared with the simulation
results obtained with a PI controller. The simulation had shown these
advantages.;
• High dynamic
• Simplicity of design
• Reliability
• Robustness(FUZZY CONTROL)

The fuzzy controller characteristic was designed to minimize the output

voltage ripple. The work frequency dependence by buck parameters, input
voltage and load level isn’t a problem because in some cases we intentionally
modifying the switching frequency in order to reduce the electromagnetic
interference.

43
 CHAPTER 6
REFERENCES
1. Nicu Bizon, M. Oproescu, M. Raducu, University of Pitesti, ‘Fuzzy
Bang-Bang Control of a Switching Voltage Regulator’ - IEEE international
conference on Automation, Quality and Testing, Robotics held on 22-25 May
2008, Vol.2, pages 192-197.

2. Nicu Bizon, Mihai Oproescu, ‘Energy Generation System Behaviour

using a Clocked Fuzzy Peak Current Control’, Proceedings of the 12th
European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, EPE 2007.

3. K.Viswanathan, D.Srinivasan, R.Oruganti, Department of Electrical and

Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, ‘Universal Fuzzy
Controller for A Non-linear Power Electronic Converter’ – IEEE 0783-7280-
8/02 – 2002.

4. SIMULINK User’s Guide, Math Works Inc., www.mathworks.com

5. Muhammad H.Rashid, ‘Power electronics circuits, devices and

applications’, 2d edition, Prentice-Hall, 1993.

6. N.Senthil Kumar, K.Sadasivam, K.Prema, ‘Design and Simulation of

Fuzzy Controller for Closed Loop Control of chopper fed Embedded DC drives’
– IEEE lntemational Conference on Power System Technology - POWERCON
2004 Singapore, 27-24 November 2004, pages 613-617.

7. Emil M. Petriu, Dr. Eng., P. Eng., FIEEE Professor, School of

Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Canada ‘Fuzzy
Systems for Control Applications’- http://www.site.uottawa.ca/~petriu/

44