Electric Circuits II: (ELCT 401)

Instructor: Dr. Walid Omran

Dr. Wassim Alexan
Lecture 7: Operational Amplifiers Applications
Objective

• To discuss the mathematical operations that can be achieved

using Op-Amp circuits

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Outlines

• Inverting Amplifier

• Non-Inverting Amplifier

• Summing Amplifier

• Difference Amplifier

• Voltage Follower

• Integrator

• Differentiator

3
Ideal Op-Amp
• To facilitate the understanding of op-amp circuits, we will assume
ideal op-amps

• An op-amp is ideal if it has the following characteristics:

1. Infinite open-loop gain, 𝐴 ≈ ∞ 𝑣𝑛

2. Infinite input resistance, 𝑅𝑖𝑛 ≈ ∞

3. Zero output resistance, 𝑅𝑜 ≈ 0 𝑣𝑝

• Important relations:

𝑖1 = 𝑖2 = 0 𝑣𝑑 ≈ 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 = 0 → 𝑣1 = 𝑣2

We also call 𝑣1 as 𝑣𝑛 and 𝑣2 as 𝑣𝑝 𝑣𝑛 = 𝑣𝑝 4

Inverting Amplifier

• We know that 𝑣𝑝 = 𝑣𝑛 = 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 = 0

• Nodal analysis at node 1:

𝑣𝑛 − 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑛 − 𝑣𝑜
+ +0=0
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓

𝑣𝑜 𝑅𝑓
=−
𝑣𝑖 𝑅1
Negative sign signifies that
it is an inverting amplifier
𝑅𝑓
𝑣𝑜 = − 𝑣𝑖 → 𝑣𝑜 = 𝐴𝑣 𝑣𝑖
𝑅1

−𝑉𝑐𝑐 ≤ 𝑣𝑜 ≤ +𝑉𝑐𝑐

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Non-Inverting Amplifier
A noninverting amplifier is an op amp circuit designed to provide a
positive voltage gain.

6
 Summing Amplifier

A summing amplifier is an op amp circuit that combines several inputs

and produces an output that is the weighted sum of the inputs.

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Example
Calculate vo and io

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 Difference Amplifier
A difference amplifier is a device that amplifies the difference between
two inputs but rejects any signals common to the two inputs.

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 Difference Amplifier
A difference amplifier must reject signals common to the two inputs.
Thus, vo = 0 when v1 = v2 . This can be achieved if:

If R2 = R1 and R3 = R4, the difference amplifier becomes a subtractor,

with the output:

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Example
Show that:

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Example
Design the shown op amp circuit with inputs v1 and v2 such that the
output is given by:
vo = -5v1 + 3v2
(Choose R1 = 10 kΩ, R3 = 20 kΩ)

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 𝑣𝑝
Voltage Follower

𝑣𝑛

• Since no current is going into the positive input terminal of the op-
amp, then we have 𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 𝑣𝑝
• We also know that for an ideal op-amp, 𝑣𝑛 = 𝑣𝑝
• From the circuit, it is clear that 𝑣𝑛 = 𝑣𝑜
• Thus, we have 𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 𝑣𝑝 = 𝑣𝑛 = 𝑣𝑜
• Which means that 𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 𝑣𝑜

What is the point of designing a circuit where the

output voltage is equal to the input voltage? 13
 𝑅𝑖𝑛
Voltage Follower
𝐴
+
𝑣𝑠 𝑖 𝑣𝑜
−
𝐵
• Consider having a battery that provides 12 𝑉

• In fact, such a voltage source has its own internal resistance 𝑅𝑖𝑛 ,
which we tend to ignore!

• By considering the output voltage, it should be the same as the input

12 𝑉 → This would be correct if the circuit is indeed open

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Voltage Follower 𝑅𝑖𝑛

Having the op-amp in the configuration of a

voltage follower allows 𝑣𝑜 to be maintained 𝑣𝑠 𝑖 𝑅𝐿
equal to 𝑣𝑠 no matter what!

• But if you are using the 12 𝑉 battery to supply a circuit and you are
adding a resistance 𝑅𝐿 , the situation is different

• Now, the internal resistance 𝑅𝑖𝑛 will play an important role

• The current 𝑖 in the circuit will circulate, and go through both resistances

• It will result in a voltage drop across each of them

• Thus, the output voltage that you will be receive at 𝑅𝐿 will be less
than 𝑣𝑠 = 12 𝑉

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The Integrator
An integrator is an op amp circuit whose output is proportional to the
Integral of the input signal.

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The Differentiator
A differentiator is an Op-Amp circuit whose output is proportional to the
rate of change of the input signal.

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