Module – 2

Applications of
Operational Amplifier
Nimi. W.S,
AP / BME
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 Operational Amplifier

An operational amplifier is an integrated circuit that can amplify

weak electric signals.

An operational amplifier has two input pins and one output pin. Its
basic role is to amplify and output the voltage difference between
the two input pins.
An Operational Amplifier is basically a
three-terminal device which consists
of two high impedance inputs. One of
the inputs is called the Inverting Input,
marked with a negative or “minus”
sign, ( – ). The other input is called the
Non-inverting Input, marked with a
positive or “plus” sign ( + ). 2
 Applications of Operational Amplifier
➢ Op Amp applications as Inverting Amplifiers

➢ Op Amp Applications as Non Inverting Amplifiers

➢ Op Amp application as a Phase Shifter

➢ Op Amp as Scale Changer

➢ Op Amp Applications as Adder or Summing Amplifier

➢ Op Amp Applications as a Differential Amplifier

➢ Op Amp application as a Differentiator

➢ Op Amp Applications as Integrator

➢ Op Amp Applications as Voltage to Current Converter

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 Inverting Amplifier
The inverting operational amplifier is basically a constant or fixed-gain
amplifier producing a negative output voltage as its gain is always
negative.
An inverting op amp is an operational amplifier circuit with an output
voltage that changes in the opposite direction as the input voltage. In
other words, it is out of phase by 180o.
In this Inverting Amplifier circuit, the operational amplifier is connected
with feedback to produce a closed loop operation.

When dealing with operational

amplifiers there are two very
important rules to remember
about inverting amplifiers, these
are: “No current flows into the
input terminal” and that “V1
always equals V2”.

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 Inverting Amplifier
Current ( i ) flows through the
resistor network,

• No Current Flows into the Input

Terminals
• The Differential Input Voltage is
Zero as V1 = V2 = 0 (Virtual Earth)

KCL, states that “The algebraic sum

of all currents entering and exiting a
node must equal zero.”
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 Inverting Amplifier – Closed loop gain

Then, the Closed-Loop Voltage

Gain of an Inverting Amplifier is
given as.

and this can be transposed to give Vout as:

If 𝑅𝑖𝑛 and 𝑅𝑓 are replaced by

impedance 𝑍1 and 𝑍𝑓 , then closed The negative sign in the equation
loop voltage gain will be, indicates an inversion of the output signal
𝑍𝑓 with respect to the input as it is 180o out
𝐴𝐶𝐿 = − of phase. This is due to the feedback
𝑍1
being negative in value.
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 Non Inverting Operational Amplifier (OP Amp)
• A non-inverting amplifier produces an output signal that is in
phase with the input signal .

• Non-inverting amplifier is an op-amp-based amplifier with

positive voltage gain.

• The op amp has two input terminals (pins). One is inverting

denoted with a minus sign (-), and other is non-inverting
denoted with a positive sign (+).

• When we apply any signal to the non – inverting input, it does not
change its polarity when it gets amplified at the output terminal.

• So, in that case, the gain of the amplifier is always positive.

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 Non Inverting Operational Amplifier (OP Amp)

Here, in the above circuit, connect an external resistance R1 and

feedback resistance Rf at inverting input. Now, by applying
Kirchhoff Current Law, we get,

Let us assume the input voltage applied to the non-inverting terminal is vi. Now, if we
assume that the op-amp in the circuit is ideal op-amp, then,

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 Non Inverting Operational Amplifier
Therefore, equation (i) can be rewritten as,

𝑅𝑓
𝑣0 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑣𝑖
𝑅1

The closed-loop gain of the circuit is,

𝑣𝑜 𝑅𝑓
𝐴𝐶𝐿 = =1 +
𝑣𝑖 𝑅1
This term does not contain any negative parts. Hence, it proves
that the input signal to the circuit gets amplified without
changing its polarity at the output.

From the expression of the voltage gain of a non-inverting op-

amp, it is clear that the gain will be unity when Rf = 0 or R1 →
∝. 9