Operational

Amplifier: Op-Amp
Vineeth

Reference: Operational amplifier: Characteristics and applications, Robert Irvine

Operational amplifier and linear integrated circuits:Ramakant Gayakwad
Electrical parameter of OPAMP
1. Input offset voltage: Voltage that must be applied between
terminals of op-amp to null the output
2. Input offset current: Algebraic difference between the current into
inverting and non-inverting inputs
3. Input Bias current: Average current of flow into inverting and non-
inverting input terminals
4. Differential Input resistance: Equivalent resistance measured at
inverting or non-inverting terminal with other grounded.
5. Input capacitance: Equivalent capacitance measured at either
inverting or non-inverting terminal wrt ground
6. Input voltage range (common-mode voltage): When same voltage is
applied to both input terminals, its called the common-mode voltage.
Op-amp is in common-mode configuration. The input common-mode
voltage over which the op-amp output is not distorted.
7. Common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR): Ratio of differential voltage gain
Ad to the common-mode voltage gain Acm . Generally expressed in dB as
ratio = 20log (Ad/Acm). (ideal = infinity)
8. Supply voltage rejection ratio: The change in input offset voltage caused
by variation in the supply voltage.
9. Voltage gain: (ideal = infinity)
10. Output voltage swing
11. Output resistance: (ideal = infinity)
12. Output short circuit current
13. Supply current
14. Power consumption: (741: 85 mW)
15. Transient response and Slew rate: (ideal = infinity)
16. Gain band width product: (ideal = infinity)
 Amplifier

Open-loop Closed-loop
Equivalent circuit of an op-amp

𝑣𝑜 = 𝐴𝑣𝑖𝑑 = 𝐴 𝑣1 − 𝑣2

𝐴 = Large-signal voltage gain

𝑣𝑖𝑑 = Difference input voltage
𝑣1 = Voltage at inverting terminal wrt GND
𝑣2 = Voltage at non-inverting terminal wrt GND
𝑅𝑖 = Input resistance
𝑅𝑜 = Output resistance
Open loop op-amp configurations
Open loop indicates that no connection either direct or indirect exists
between the output and input terminals.
When connected in open-loop configuration the op-amp simply
functions as a high-gain amplifier.
• 3 open loop op-amp configurations:
1. Differential amplifier
2. Inverting amplifier
3. Noninverting amplifier
Differential amplifier
• Amplifies the difference between the two input signals.
• It amplifies both ac and dc input signals.

𝑣𝑜 = 𝐴𝑣𝑖𝑑 = 𝐴 𝑣1 − 𝑣2
𝑣𝑜 = 𝐴(𝑣𝑖𝑛1 − 𝑣𝑖𝑛2 )

A = open loop gain

Inverting amplifier

𝑣𝑜 = −𝐴𝑣𝑖𝑛

-ve sign indicates that the output voltage

is out of phase with respect to input (180o
out of phase).
Non-inverting amplifier

𝑣𝑜 = 𝐴𝑣𝑖𝑑 = 𝐴(𝑣1 −𝑣2 ) = 𝐴𝑣𝑖𝑛

Output in-phase with input

Example

https://www.multisim.com/create/
Op-amp with feedback
• An op-amp that uses feedback is called a feedback amplifier or closed-
loop amplifier.
• A feed back amplifier consists of two parts: an op-amp and a feedback
circuit.

Ref: wiki
Feed back amplifier
Feed back
Amplifier

Negative Positive

Vin Vin
Reason for negative feedback in amplifier
• The open-loop amplification is very large hence suitable only for very
small signals and is highly susceptible to noise
• The open loop gain is not constant: sensitive to temperatures and
power supply and manufacturing.
• Open loop config of op-amp not suitable for linear applications.
• Band width of open loop op-amp is negligibly small (~ zero) hence
impractical for ac applications.
Negative feedback- closed loop
• Stabilizes the gain
• Increases the band width
• Changes the input and output resistances
• Decrease harmonic and nonlinear distortion
• Reduce the effect of input offset voltage at the output.
• Reduces the effects due to variation in temperature, supply voltage and
manufacturing.
• Gain becomes function of external circuit components.
But
• With reduced voltage gain
Feed back amplifier
Feed back
Amplifier

Negative Positive
(degenerative) (regenerative)

Vin Vin
Quick analysis

Vin
Rules for analyzing op-amp circuits with negative feedback

Rule 1: No current flows into or out of the input lines of op-amp

Rule 2: For any output voltage in the linear operating region of an op
amp with negative feedback the two inputs are virtually at the same
potential.
Alternately: An op amp, connected with negative feedback, will make
every effort to keep the inverting (-) input potential equal to the non-
inverting (+) input potential. i.e. (+) and (-) inputs are virtually shorted.

Aim is to find the transfer function of the op-amp circuit, i.e.

how the output is related to input signal.
Non-inverting amp with feedback
• Voltage series feed back
• Noninverting amplifier with feedback or
closed-loop noninverting amplifier

𝑣𝑜
Open-loop 𝐴 =
𝑣𝑖𝑑

𝑣𝑜 𝐴(𝑅𝐹 +𝑅1 )
Closed-loop 𝐴𝐹 = =
𝑣𝑖𝑛2 𝐴+1 𝑅1 +𝑅𝐹

𝑣𝑓 𝑅𝐼
Gain of feed back circuit 𝐵 = =
𝑣𝑜 𝑅𝐹 +𝑅𝐼
 Inverting amplifier (feedback gain)
𝑣𝑜
Open-loop 𝐴 =
𝑣𝑖𝑑

𝑣𝑜
Closed-loop 𝐴𝐹 =
𝑣𝑖𝑛1

Transfer function
𝑅𝐹
Ideal: 𝐴𝐹 = −
𝑅1
𝐴𝑅𝐹
Output is inverted wrt to input. Actual: 𝐴𝐹 = −
𝐴+1 𝑅1 +𝑅𝐹
 Rule: Any voltage applied at the outer end of a resistor, connected to
the inverting input, will be multiplied by the inverting gain as it appears
on the amplifier output.

1. The noninverting (+) input is at ground

potential (zero volts dc)
2. The differential input voltage (vid) is virtually
zero volts dc
3. The inverting (-) input is at a virtual ground
potential.
Problem: An operational amplifier that normally has an open loop gain
of 100,000 has failed and now has a gain of 10. Compare the output
voltage for a closed loop gain of unity (inverting amplifier) when the
input voltage is -1V for both cases. For unity closed loop gain R1 = RF = 1
kohms
Rule: Any voltage appearing
directly on either input of the
operational amplifier will be
multiplied by the non-
inverting gain
Non-inverting amplifier with voltage-divider input

𝑅1 + 𝑅𝐹
𝑣𝑜 = 𝑣𝐵
𝑅1
𝑅3
𝑣𝐵 = 𝑣𝑖𝑛
𝑅2 + 𝑅3

Transfer function
𝑣𝑜 𝑅3 𝑅1 + 𝑅𝐹
=( )( )
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 𝑅1

Rule: Any voltage applied through a voltage divider to the noninverting input
of an operational amplifier will be multiplied by the product of the voltage-
divider gain(loss) and the noninverting gain.
Transfer function?

Rule: All input voltages, times their respective closed

loop gains, will add algebraically on the amplifier output
Transfer function?
Subtractor or difference amplifier

Scaling subtractor
𝑅𝐹 𝑅3 𝑅1 + 𝑅𝐹
𝑣𝑜 = − 𝑣1 + ( )( )𝑣2
𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 𝑅1

Difference amplifier

𝑅𝐹 𝑅3 𝑅𝐹
= implies 𝑣𝑜 = (𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1
Special cases of op amps applications
Voltage follower (non-inverting buffer)
• Noninverting amplifier with unity gain
• Buffer
• This circuit is extremely useful as an
impedance transformer.
• The input impedance is nearly infinite, the
output impedance is nearly zero and the
voltage gain is unity.

Inverter
Inverting buffer
Inverting summer (adder)

𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐹
𝑣𝑜 = − 𝑣1 + − 𝑣2 + − 𝑣
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 3

Application:
Inverting averager
Digital to analog convertors (DAC) with (R1:R2:R3 = 1:2:4)
Non-inverting averager
𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣3
+ +
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
𝑣𝐵 =
1 1 1
+ +
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣3
𝑅𝐹 + 𝑅𝐼 + +
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
𝑣𝑜 =
𝑅𝐼 1 1 1
+ +
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3