Application of Op-Amp (Non-Inverting)

Unity Gain or Voltage Follower Configuration

A voltage follower is an op-amp circuit in which output follows the input voltage. The gain of
voltage follower is 1. 1) Let R = 0 2) Let R = ∞
f 1

𝟎 𝑹𝒇
𝑨𝑽 = 𝟏 + 𝑨𝑽 = 𝟏 +
𝑹𝟏 ∞

Av = 1 Av = 1
V =V V =V
O i O i

Features of Unity/Buffer amplifier:

• The Voltage Gain is unity
• Highest Bandwidth
Av = 1 (Requirement)
• High input impedance
𝑹𝒇
• Low output impedance
𝑨𝑽 = 𝟏 + • Impedance Matching
𝑹𝟏 KEC- 101
Application of Op-Amp (Inverting Amplifier)

 Summing Amplifier or Adder

 Averager
 Integrator
 Differentiator

KEC- 101
Voltage Summing Amplifier or Adder Amplifier
Adder is an op-amp circuit, which can accept two more inputs and
produces output as the sum of these inputs.
Expression for output voltage: -
From concept of virtual ground
Vd = 0
VA – VB = 0
So VA =VB
But VB = 0
Therefor VA = 0 --------------1

KEC- 101
 Applying KCL at node A
I1 + I2 + I3 = If b) If R1, R2, R3 = Rf
𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽 𝑨 𝑽 𝟐 − 𝑽 𝑨 𝑽 𝟑 − 𝑽 𝑨 𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽 𝑶
𝑹𝟏
+
𝑹𝟐
+
𝑹𝟑
=
𝑹𝒇
Then 𝑽𝒐 = −ሺ𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟐 ሻ
But VA = 0 So, Circuit works as a summer or adder.
𝑽 𝟏 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟑 𝑽𝑶
+ + = −
𝑹𝟏 𝑹 𝟐 𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝒇 c) If R1, R2, R3 = 3Rf

𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇 ሺ𝑽𝟏 +𝑽𝟐 +𝑽𝟐 ሻ

𝑽𝒐 = −( 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑 ) Then 𝑽𝒐 = − ቀ ቁ
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑 𝟑

a) If R1, R2, R3 = R So, Circuit works as a summer

𝑹𝒇 or averager circuit.
Then 𝑽𝒐 = − ሺ𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟐 ሻ
𝑹

So, Circuit works as a summing amplifier.

KEC- 101
Integrator Circuit Using Op-Amp
A circuit that performs the integration of input signal is called integrator. The
output of integrator is proportional to the area of input waveform over a period
of time.
So VA =VB
But VB = 0
Therefor VA = 0 --------------1

From concept of virtual ground

Vd = 0
VA – VB = 0
 𝟏 Output for square wave input: -
𝒅𝑽𝟎 = − 𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒕
𝑹𝟏 𝑪
Now apply integration on both sides
𝟏
න𝒅𝑽𝟎 = න− 𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒕
𝑹𝟏 𝑪
𝒕
𝟏
𝑽𝟎 = − න 𝑽 𝒅𝒕
𝑹𝟏 𝑪 𝟎 𝒊𝒏

𝒕
𝑽𝟎 𝜶 න 𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒕
𝟎

Since output voltage is directly proportional to Application of Integrator Circuit: -

the integration of input signal, hence circuit is a) It is used to generate triangular waveform.
b) It is also used in analog to digital convertor circuit.
called integrator circuit.
c) It is used as low pass filter.

KEC- 101
Differentiator Circuit Using Op-Amp
A circuit that performs the mathematical differentiation of input signal is called
differentiator. The output of integrator is proportional to rate of change of its
input signal.

𝒅ሺ𝑽𝒊𝒏 − 𝑽𝑨 ሻ 𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑶
𝑪 =
𝒅𝒕 𝑹𝒇
But VA = 0
𝒅ሺ𝑽𝒊𝒏 ሻ 𝑽𝑶
=−
𝒅𝒕 𝑹𝒇
KEC- 101
 Output for triangular wave input:
𝒅ሺ𝑽𝒊𝒏 ሻ
𝑽𝑶 = −𝑹𝒇 𝑪
𝒅𝒕

𝒅ሺ𝑽𝒊𝒏 ሻ
OR 𝑽𝑶 𝜶
𝒅𝒕

Since output voltage is directly proportional

to the differentiation of input signal, hence
circuit is called differentiator circuit.
Application of differentiator Circuit: -
a) It is used to generates quare waveform.
b) It is also used in digital to analog convertor circuit.
c) It is used as high pass filter.

KEC- 101
Difference or Subtractor Amplifier
A circuit that amplifies the difference between two input signals is called
difference amplifier or subtractor amplifier.

So VA =VB …………..1
Applying KCL at node B
I1= I2
𝑽 𝟐 − 𝑽𝑩 𝑽𝑩 − 𝟎
=
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝒇

𝑹𝒇
𝑽𝑩 = ቆ ቇ 𝑽𝟐 ……………………… 𝟐
𝑹 𝟏 + 𝑹𝒇

KEC- 101
Applying KCL at node A But VA = VB
I3 = I4 𝑽𝑶 𝑹𝒇 𝑹 𝟏 + 𝑹𝒇 𝑽𝟏
=ቆ ቇ 𝑽𝟐 ቆ ቇ−
𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝑨 𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑶 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝟏
=
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇
𝑽𝑶 = ሺ𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏 ሻ
𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝑨 𝑽𝑨 𝑽𝑶 𝑹𝟏
− = −
𝑹𝟏 𝑹 𝟏 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇
So, Circuit works as a difference or
𝑽 𝑶 𝑽 𝑨 𝑽𝑨 𝑽𝟏 subtractor amplifier.
= + −
𝑹𝒇 𝑹 𝒇 𝑹 𝟏 𝑹 𝟏
If R1= Rf

𝑽𝑶 𝑹 𝟏 + 𝑹𝒇 𝑽𝟏
𝑽𝑶 = ሺ𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏 ሻ
= 𝑽𝑨 ቆ ቇ−
𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝟏
So, Circuit works as a difference or
subtractor.
KEC- 101
Comparator
• Comparator is a circuit which compare signal voltage applied at one input
terminal of op-amp with reference voltage applied at other terminal.
• Comparator produce High (+Vsat) or low (-Vsat) output demanding which input is
higher
• Comparator are of two types.
 Inverting Comparator Non-inverting Comparator
Inverting Comparator:
• Input is applied at inverting terminal.
• Reference voltage is applied at non-inverting terminal.
• Inverting comparators can be classified into two categories.
 Inverting Comparator with Zero Reference Voltage or Zero Crossing Detector
Inverting Comparator with Non-Zero Reference Voltage
Inverting Comparator with Zero Reference Voltage or Zero Crossing
Detector

• In negative half cycle  Vin < Vref

• Hence the output value of the
inverting comparator will be
equal to + Vsat.

Vd = V2 - V1
• In positive half cycle  Vin > Vref
= 0 – (-Vin)
• Hence the output value of the
inverting comparator will be equal = +ve
to −Vsat.  VO = AOL x Vd
Vd = V2 - V1 = + Vsat
= 0 - Vin
= -ve
VO = AOL x Vd
Inverting Comparator with Non-Zero Reference
Voltage

• When Vin > Vref • When Vin < Vref

Vd = V2 - V1 Vd = V2 - V1
= Vref - Vin = Vref – (Vin)
= -ve = +ve
VO = AOL x Vd VO = AOL x Vd
= - Vsat = + Vsat
 Non-inverting Comparator
• Input is applied at Non-inverting terminal.
• Reference voltage is applied at inverting terminal.

• Non-inverting comparators can be classified into two categories.

 Non-inverting Comparator with Zero Reference Voltage or Zero

Detector
 Non-inverting Comparator with Non-Zero Reference Voltage
Non-inverting Comparator with Zero Reference Voltage or Zero
Crossing Detector
• In negative half cycle  Vin < Vref
• Hence the output value of the
non-inverting comparator will be
equal to - Vsat.

• In positive half cycle  Vin > Vref Vd = V 2 - V1

= -Vin – (0)
• Hence the output value of the non-
= -ve
inverting comparator will be equal
VO = AOL x Vd
to + Vsat. 
V d = V 2 - V1 = - Vsat
= Vin - 0
= +ve
VO = AOL x Vd
= + Vsat
Transfer Characteristics
Non-inverting Comparator with Non-Zero Reference
Voltage

• When Vin > Vref • When Vin < Vref

Vd = V 2 - V1
= Vin – Vref
= -ve
VO = AOL x Vd
= - Vsat