Analog Integrated Circuits

Module 2

Linear applications of OPAMP

Third Year B. Tech. (Electronics Engg.)

VJTI, Mumbai, India
2021-2022
Module 2: Linear applications
• Amplifiers
• Current to Voltage converters
• Voltage to Current converters
• Difference amplifier
• Instrumentation amplifiers
• Summing and scaling amplifiers
• Integrator
• Differentiator.
 Difference Amplifier
• The Op-Amp has very high Open loop Gain
• Voltage Rules: Difference in voltages at + & - terminals is Zero.
• Current rules: current entering into i/p terminals are zero
Thus the minor variations amongst i/p terminals
Vout
force device into saturation.
• Hence the Feedback is employed in the circuits to operate the device in linear mode
(Limited Gain) and designed Inverting & non-inverting Amplifiers

Inverting Amplifier Non-inverting Amplifier

The difference amplifier is nothing but the combination of inverting & non-inverting Amplifier
 Difference Amplifier
Thus the circuit is combination of
inverting & non-inverting amplifiers.
• When V1 = 0 (Grounded)
then the circuit acts as non-inverting
Amplifier & output is;
𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜2 = 1 + × 𝑉2
𝑅1
• When V2 = 0 (Grounded)
then the circuit acts as inverting Amplifier &
Applying superposition theorem
𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑜2 + 𝑉𝑜1 = 𝑘 𝑉2 + 𝑉1 𝑉𝑜1 = − × 𝑉1
Where k is Gain of Amplifiers
𝑅1

The gain k is not same for both amplifiers, & Vo isn’t true i/p difference.
Difference Amplifier
Thus the circuit shall be converted to difference amplifier if Gain of both
configuration shall be equal.
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
1+ =
𝑅1 𝑅1
𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
=
𝑅1 𝑅1
𝑅𝑓
If the left hand side is multiplied by
𝑅1 +𝑅𝑓

𝑅𝑓 + 𝑅1 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
× =
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓 + 𝑅1 𝑅1

Then how the multiplication factor shall be added to non-inverting terminal.

Difference Amplifier
The O/P due to I/P V2 𝒊𝒔,
𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜2 = 1 + × 𝑉2
𝑅1
If the resisters R2 & Rf added in the input then
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑜2 + 𝑉𝑜1
voltage at pt. B is
𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝐵 = × 𝑉2
𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑓
𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜2 = 1+ × 𝑉𝐵
𝑅1
Thus both the inputs have equal Gain with the 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
arrangement made. 𝑉𝑜2 = 1+ × × 𝑉2
𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑜2 + 𝑉𝑜1
𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜2 = × × 𝑉2
𝑉𝑜 =
𝑅𝑓
× 𝑉2 + −
𝑅𝑓
× 𝑉1 𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑓
𝑅1 𝑅1
Since R1 = R2
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = × 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 𝑉𝑜2 = × 𝑉2
𝑅1 𝑅1
Applications of Difference Amplifier
R3 is the temperature sensor (RTD)
Initially the Wheatstone bridge is
R balanced.
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 = 0
Vout
If the Temperature changes which
R change the resistance of RTD and
Wheatstone bridge is imbalanced then;
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 = ∆𝑉
𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = ∆𝑉 And the O/p of difference amplifier is,
𝑅

This output shall be used for drive the other circuit which can control the parameters
Applications of Difference Amplifier

If common source fed both the inputs

R (Inverting & Non-inverting)
Vout Then the input impedance of the circuit
VIN shall be;
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 2𝑅
R

Input Impedance of differential

amplifier is very Low,
Hence the source may get Loaded.

Once source gets Loaded the voltage difference may not be sensed properly.
Applications of Difference Amplifier
To avoid the overloading of the source due to low input impedance of
difference Amplifier. Buffer circuit is used in the input circuits.

R
Vout
VIN

Thus the buffer solve the issue of Loading in case of the interface of sensors to
difference Amplifiers.
In industrial applications precise high Gain Instrumentation Amplifier is
preferred.
Example:
Ex: Find the output voltage of a differential amplifier shown below?

Rf = 5 kΩ

15 V

V1 = 2 volt

V2 = 3 volt

8 kΩ
-15 V
Example:
Ex: Find the output voltage of a differential amplifier shown below?

Rf = 5 kΩ

12 V

V1 = 2 volt

V2 = 5 volt

4 kΩ
-12 V
Example:
Ex: Find the output voltage of a differential amplifier shown below?

Rf = 5 kΩ
All Resistances in Input terminals are of same value
R1 = R2 = 1 kΩ
15 V

Voltages in Non-inverting Terminal:

V1 = 5 V
V2 = 4 V
1 kΩ

-15 V
Voltages in Inverting Terminal:
V1 = 3 V
V2 = 2 V
 Thank You

Queries if any??
You can email queries / questions / feedback at
rnawale@el.vjti.ac.in
with subject: AIC Module 1 Queries