Analog Electronics Lab

Expt 4 :Design a single stage NMOS differential amplifier and telescopic

cascode differential amplifier.

Objective:
● Design a single stage NMOS Differential amplifier with specifications:
1. Differential gain45dB
2. Gain bandwidth product 50MHz
● Design a telescopic cascode differential amplifier with specifications:
1. differential gain 55dB
2. Gain bandwidth product 30MHz

Software required: LTSpice

Theory:
A differential amplifier is an amplifier which amplifies the difference between two input voltages
and gives a single voltage output. Differential amplifiers are important especially in integrated
circuits. They eliminate common mode noise because signals are taken differentially. so any
noise that is present in both input and output gets eliminated because we are only measuring
the difference between the signals.
The gain in single stage NMOS differential amplifier is Av=-gmn (Ro2IIR05)
Whereas the gain in the telescopic cascode differential amplifier is
Av=-gmn (gm5R05 R03I1gm07R07R09).
This type of amplifier has a higher gain value as compared to single stage NMOS differential
amplifiers but at the cost of lower output voltage headroom.
Gain bandwidth in both cases is gmn/CL.

Procedure :

1. Built a crk. According to the given crk. In Ltspice. And include the BSIM035 model file.
2. Now set the values of w and l for each mosfet in such a manner that we full fill the gain
and Bandwidth conditions.according to formula by increasing the length of the PMOS we
increased the gain at some extent.similarly by increasing the length of nmos or
decreasing the transconductance value we increased the gain.
3. We have to set V(VCM) in such a manner that mosfet should be in saturation region. In
our case we took 1.2V.
4. After all that we can do ac analysis and transient analysis.

Observations:
 1. For single stage NMOS differential amplifier:

AC analysis:

Cursor 2 represents the gain of the amplifier which is 45.034.

Cursor 1 represents the Gain Bandwidth which is 49.70MHz.
V(VCM)=1.2V
The one thing which I observed was that by increasing the length of NMOS (M! And M2) and
PMOS(M4 and M5 ) the Gain was increasing.which was obvious from its formula as
transconductance of M1,M2,M4,M5 decreases the gain would increase.
Transient analysis of output voltage and sinusoidal input:

Red: output voltage

Green :difference of input voltages.
Δvout = 350.7mV
Δ(vin1-vin2) = 1.969v
Gain =Δvout/Δ(vin1-vin2)=45.00
Transient analysis output showing maximum headroom:

The red wave is the difference of two equal and opposite sinusoidal input, for that our output
is not coming sinusoidally it become saturated before completing the sin wave as we can
observe in the green wave in above.that means the saturated point is the maximum voltage it
can achieve for any highest input signal therefore, our maximum headroom will be
2.67-1.93=734.96mV
 2. For telescopic cascode differential amplifier;
3.
AC analysis:

Cursor 2 represents the gain of the amplifier which is 54.93

Cursor 1 represents the Gain Bandwidth which is 30.05MHz.
V(VCM)=1.2V
The gain in this condition is greater than that of the previous case for the same input voltage
supply.
Transient analysis of output voltage and sinusoidal input:

Green is o/p voltage

Δvout = 109.3mV
Δ(vin1-vin2) = 191.05uV
Gain =Δvout/Δ(vin1-vin2)=55.14

Transient analysis output showing maximum headroom:

 Similar to the single stage nmos differential amplifier we give input as a sinusoidal wave and
when we increase the amplitude of Vin1-Vin2 we observe that our output transient analysis is
not sinusoidal and it gets saturated before completing the sin wave. So that point where it
become saturated is called the max output voltage it can acquire therefore the maximum
headroom is
2.36-1.82=534.68mV

Another thing we observe is that in telescopic differential amplifiers our headroom voltage is
lesser as compared single stage amplifier.

Results;

In the end of the experiment we were able to do an AC and transient analysis of

a single stage nmos amplifier and a telescopic cascode amplifier. The calculated
maximum headroom in a single stage amplifier comes out to be 734.96mv and in
telescopic cascode amplifiers is 534.38mV.

Amplifier Gain Gain bandwidth

1. Single stage 45.03dB 49.70MHz

differential amplifier

2. Telescopic cascode 54.93dB 30.05MHz

differential amplifier