Exp -1

1. What is modulation index?

Ans: Modulation index is a measure of extent of modulation done on a carrier signal. In Amplitude
modulation, it is defined as the ratio of the amplitude of modulating signal to that of the carrier
signal. m=AmAc.

2. What is the significance of modulation index?

Ans : The significance of the modulation index is to measure the level of noise or distortion. The
higher value of the ratio denotes the high distortion where the lower value of the ratio denotes the
low distortion or noise in a signal.

3. Differentiate between under modulation & over modulation.?

Ans : whenever the value of u is greater than 1 it is called overmodulsted signal and the message
signal cannot be fully recovered from the modulated signal. An if the value of u is less than 1 then it
is termed as unde modulation.

Exp -2
1. What are the advantages of suppressing the carrier?

Ans:
2. What is coherent detection?

Ans: Coherent detection originates from radio communications, where a local carrier mixes with the
received RF signal to generate a product term. As a result, the received RF signal can be
demodulated or frequency translated

3. Differentiate between AM and DSB-SC.

Ans: In the DSB-SC modulation, unlike in AM, the wave carrier is not transmitted; thus, much of the
power is distributed between the side bands, which implies an increase of the cover in DSB-SC,
compared to AM, for the same power use.

4. What is the function of product modulator?

Ans: Hence a product modulator is basically a device which mixes message signal with carrier signal.

Exp -3
1. What is the purpose of diode in the diode detector circuit?

Ans: A “radio diode detector circuit” is used to detect amplitude modulated (am) radio signals. The
diode rectifies the signal to produce a waveform that has a dc component, a low frequency
component (the modulating signal) and a radio frequency component at the frequency of the
original radio signal.

2. What are the disadvantages of simple diode detector circuit?

Ans: Semiconductor diode can not withstand very high reverse voltage.

➨It offers poor response.

➨It has reverse saturation current.

➨Noise level is high in

3. What are the advantages of practical diode detector?

Ans: (i) It can handle large input signals.

(ii) It is highly efficient.

(iii) It produces dc voltage for automatic gain control.
(iv) It rectifies with minimum distortion.

4. What is the purpose of low pass filter in diode detector?

Ans: Low-pass filters provide a smoother form of a signal, removing the short-term fluctuations and
leaving the longer-term trend. Filter designers will often use the low-pass form as a prototype filter.
That is a filter with unity bandwidth and impedance.

Exp-4

1. Define modulation index and frequency deviation of FM.

Ans: In FM (Frequency Modulation), the modulation index is defined as the ratio of frequency
deviation to the modulating frequency. A wave has 3 parameters Amplitude, Phase, and Frequency.

Frequency deviation in FM is defined as the way to describe the difference between the minimum
and maximum extent of a frequency modulated signal and the carrier frequency. The FM signal's
instantaneous frequency changes with time around the carrier frequency ω ω ω C .

2. What is the effect of changing the modulation index?

Ans: Hence, when the modulation index increases the Bandwidth of FM also increases, and when
the modulation index decreases the Bandwidth of FM also decreases.

3. What are the advantages of FM?

Ans: The main advantages of FM over AM are: Improved signal to noise ratio (about 25dB) w.r.t. to
man made interference. Smaller geographical interference between neighboring stations. Less
radiated power.

4. Differentiate between FM and AM.

 Ans:

Exp-5

1. What is the need for AGC in communications receivers?

Ans: Without AGC the sound emitted from an AM radio receiver would vary to an extreme extent
from a weak to a strong signal; the AGC effectively reduces the volume if the signal is strong and
raises it when it is weaker.

2. What is the effect of increasing the input signal voltage on the output of a receiver?

Ans: Increasing the input signal voltage to a receiver typically results in a corresponding increase
in the output signal voltage, assuming the receiver is operating within its linear range and
without saturation.

3. What is the name indicated for the transistor arrangement in the kit?

Ans: This arrangement where the emitter (E) is in the controlling circuit (base current) and in the
controlled circuit (collector current) is called common emitter mode. It is the most widely used
arrangement for transistors so it is the one to learn first.
 Exp-6

1. What is the use of sampling?

Ans: The process of converting continuous time signals into equivalent discrete time signals, can be
termed as Sampling. A certain instant of data is continually sampled in the sampling process.

2. What happens when fs< 2fm?

Ans: A continuous-time signal may be completely represented in its samples and recovered back if
the sampling frequency is fs≥ 2fm. Here fs is the sampling frequency, and fm is the maximum
frequency present in the signal.

3. How will be the reconstructed signal if fs>= 2fm?

Ans: with fs>2fm the bands will have non-zero separation and this separation increases with increase
in fs. So with a wide enough separation any lower order filter with non-zero transition band can
recover the signal.

4. Why sampling theorem is the basis for modern digital communication?

Ans: The sampling theorem is the basis for modern digital communication because it defines the
minimum rate at which a continuous signal must be sampled to accurately reconstruct the original signal.
This principle ensures efficient and reliable conversion of analog signals into digital format, enabling
various digital communication techniques such as digital modulation, encoding, and signal processing.

Exp-7

1. What is the basic principle of PAM?

Ans: Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) is the transmission of data by varying the amplitude s
( voltage or power levels) of the individual pulses in a regularly timed sequence of electrical or
electromagnetic pulses.

2. What is the minimum rate at which a speech signal can be sampled for the purpose of PAM?

Ans : To convert a voice signal (0-3.3kHz) to digital form, the minimum sampling frequency is 6.6kHz.
In practice, sampling frequency = 8kHz.
3. Which is better, natural sampling or flat topped sampling and why?

Ans: Flat-top sampling, on the other hand, can provide more accurate amplitude measurements, as
the flat top of the sampled signal provides a more stable and measurable signal. Noise Performance:
Natural sampling can suffer from high levels of noise, as the impulse signal can amplify noise in the
input signal.

4. What is TL084 device in the kit?

Ans: The TL084 is a quad operational amplifier integrated circuit commonly used in electronic
circuits for signal amplification, filtering, and other analog applications.

5. Why do we need synchronous clock generator in the kit?

Ans: An electronic oscillator is generally known as a "clock" or "clock generator' when you are
dealing with a synchronous circuit. This clock generator actually generates repetitive pulses known
as the clock signal which further gets distributed to all the memory elements in the circuit.

Exp-8
1. What are the advantages of PWM over PAM?

Ans : ➨Noise interference is less or minimum.

➨System is moderate in complexity to implement.

➨It has moderate power efficiency among all three types.

➨It supports higher power handling capability.

2. Why PWM is also called as pulse length modulation or pulse duration modulation?

Ans : PWM, or Pulse Width Modulation, is also referred to as pulse length modulation or pulse
duration modulation because it varies the width or duration of the pulse signal while keeping the
frequency constant.

3. What are the disadvantages of PWM?

 Ans: PWM has some drawbacks when used in power electronics systems. It increases the switching
frequency and stress of the power device, reducing its lifetime and increasing its switching losses and
EMI emissions

4. What is the purpose of 555 IC?

Ans: The functional parts of the 555 timer IC include a flip-flop, voltage divider & a comparator
altogether. The main function of this IC is to generate an accurate timing pulse for operating various
devices and electronic components. The voltage divider consists of three 5k resistors which create
two reference voltages.

Exp-9
1. What is the advantage of PPM over PWM and PAM?
Ans: It is the process in which the signal is transferred in the form of pulses. In this, the phase
deviation is smaller than PWM, due to which the noise has smaller disturbing effect. So, the signal to
noise ratio in PPM is better than that in PWM.

2. What are the similarities of PAM, PPM, and PWM?

Ans: Digital-to-Analog Conversion: All three modulation techniques involve converting digital
signals into analog waveforms.
Timing-Based: They all rely on timing variations within a pulse train to represent information.

Analog Nature: Despite being used in digital systems, PAM, PPM, and PWM are fundamentally
analog modulation techniques, as they involve continuous variations in pulse characteristics to
represent information.

3. How PPM is generated from PWM?

Ans: Hence corresponding to each trailing edge of PWM signal, the mono stable output goes
high. It remains high for a fixed time decided by its own RC comparator. All the PPM pulses
have the same with and amplitude. The information is conveyed via changing the portion of
pulses.

Exp-10
1. What is the need for pre-emphasis?

Ans:

Pre-emphasis should be used when the signal loss in the transmission channel between Transmitter
and Receiver is heavy and the signal observed at the end of Receiver is less than the receiving
sensitivity required for Receiver.

2. Explain how Pre-emphasis operation is similar to high pass filter.

Ans: Pre-emphasis circuit is a high pass filter or differentiator which allows high frequencies to pass,
whereas de-emphasis circuit is a low pass filter or integrator which allows only low frequencies to
pass.

3. What is de-emphasis?

Ans: the act or process of de-emphasizing. Electronics. a process of reducing the relative amplitude
of certain frequencies in a signal that have been exaggerated by preemphasis, restoring the signal to
its original form.

4. De-emphasis operation is similar to low pass filter.Justify?

Ans: A low pass filter may have one or many poles on its transfer function. A de-emphasis have
several poles and zeros on its transfer function to inversely match the pre-emphasis filter. There are
several pairs of pre-emphasis de-emphasis each one tailored to different uses.

5. What is the significance of the 3db down frequency?

Ans: The 3 dB point is the half power frequency. It defines the "cutoff" of the filter. A 1 MHz low pass
filter passes signal below 1 MHz but at 1 MHz the signal power is at 50% of the pass power and
above 1 MHz the pass (rejection) band power is lower than 50%.