Name: Abdalbary Mahmud H Musa 022151231 Group: 5 May/14/2018

Q1) Why we do sampling?

Sampling is the process by which continuous time signals, such as voltages or altitudes, are turned into discrete time
signals. This is usually done by translating the signal in question into a voltage, then using an analog to digital
converter (ADC) to turn this continuous, analog signal into a discrete, digital one. The ADC both samples the
voltage and converts it to a digital signal.

Q2) Why the sampling frequency should be equal or greater than twice the massage band
width?
 If the signal contains high frequency components, we will need to sample at a higher rate to avoid losing
information that is in the signal.  In general, to preserve the full information in the signal, it is necessary to sample
at twice the maximum frequency of the signal.  This is known as the Nyquist rate.  The Sampling Theorem states
that a signal can be exactly reproduced if it is sampled at a frequency F, where F is greater than twice the maximum
frequency in the signal. 

Q3) draw the circuits used to generate natural PAM and flat top PAM and explain how you
recover the massage signal in both cases.

The
signal can de recovered from natural sampling PAM by using the product detection (synchronous detector).
Name: Abdalbary Mahmud H Musa 022151231 Group: 5 May/14/2018

Q4) what is the function of Sample and Hold circuit in the receiver?
Sample & Hold Circuit is used to sample the given input signal and to hold the sampled value. Sample and hold
circuit is used to sample an analog signal for a short interval of time in the range of 1 to 10µS and to hold on its last
sampled value until the input signal is sampled again. The holding period may be from a few milliseconds to several
seconds.
The following figure shows the block diagram of a typical sample and hold amplifier.

Q5) what is the function of equalizer in flat top sampling Rx?

The main function of equalizer is cancels the effect of pulse shaping (noise induced by the pulse signal).
It’s used in flat top receiver.

Q6) What are the BW and the pulse rate of PAM signal?
The band width of PCM must be equal or greater than Nyquist rate.
fs ¿Nyquist frequency≥ 2 fmax
Pulse rate = N X fs
where:
fmax is the greatest frequency of message signal.
N is Number of messages

Reference:
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