Analog & Digital Communication Lab

(18TEL67)
 1. Why is modulation used?

Modulation is used for its following advantages: (i) Reduction in antenna height (ii) Avoids
mixing of signals (iii) Increases the range of communication (iv) Multiplexing is possible (v)
Improves quality of reception.

2. What Is Modulation.?
Modulation is the process by which some characteristics of signal known as “Carrier Signal”
is varied in accordance to the instantaneous value of the another signal known as “Message
Signal”.

3. List the main advantages of digital communication techniques?

a. The main advantages of digital communication are:
b. It is highly reliable.
c. The effect of noise is very less, hence yields to high SNR.
d. The power consumption is very less.
e. The circuit complexity is very less because various Digital ICs are used.
f. It requires less cost.
g. The error detection and correction is possible.

4. Which types of digital modulation techniques you know?

The different types of digital modulation techniques are:
a. Amplitude shift Keying (ASK)
b. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
c. Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
d. Pulse code Modulation (PCM)
e. Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
f. Delta Modulation (DM)
g. Adaptive Delta Modulation etc...

5. What you know about the Sampling process?

Technically in terms of signals, we can say that the process of converting a continuous time
signal into discrete in time signal is called as Sampling. In order to perform the sampling
process, the analog signal is fed to a sampler circuit (switch).

6. State sampling theorem?

Sampling theorem states that in order to reconstruct the continuous time signal from a
discrete time signal, the sampling frequency taken should be more than or equal to twice of
the maximum frequency of the continuous time signal frequency.
fs ≥ 2fm
Violation of sampling theorem yields to aliasing effect. We cannot reconstruct the original
signal from its samples, if sampling theorem is not maintained.
 7. Discuss in detail about the aliasing effect and explain how it is rectified?

At the time of sampling, if the sampling theorem is not satisfied; i.e if imperfect sampling
occurs, the signals will be interfered in frequency domain. This is called aliasing effect in
sampling. The aliasing effect can be rectified, if sampling theorem is satisfied;
fs ≥ 2fm
The aliasing effect can also be rectified as first by passing signal from anti aliasing filter
before sampling.

8. How many types of analog pulse modulation methods you know. List all?
The different types of analog pulse modulation methods are:
a. Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
b. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
c. Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)

9. Give the differences between Bit Rate and Baud Rate?

We know that the bit rate represents the number of bits per second. Baud rate can be defined
as the number of symbols per second. i.e., we can say that in communications the no. of bits
transmitted per sec is known as Bit Rate (units bps). The number of times a signal (carrier)
changes its state per sec is known as the Baud rate.

10. Why Digital Amplitude Modulation Is Commonly Called On –off Keying?

Carrier is either in ON or Off state so it is called as On Off Keying.

11. Illustrate about Phase Shift keying (PSK) technique?

In PSK, the digital data is represented as variations in phase shift in the carrier wave. In other
words, in PSK, '1' is represented by a 0 phase shift carrier wave and '0' is represented by a
180 phase shift carrier wave. Both the representation is for the bit duration with constant
frequency.
 12. Discuss about Frequency Shift keying (FSK) ?
In FSK, the digital data is represented as variation in frequency in carrier wave. In other
words, we can say that for '1' more than carrier frequency is used and for '0' less than carrier
frequency is used.

13. What are the different types of shift keying?

As with analog modulation, there are three parameters of the carrier wave to vary and
therefore three basic types of shift keying: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Frequency Shift
Keying (FSK), and. Phase Shift Keying (PSK).

14. What is the advantage of shift keying?

It offers high bandwidth efficiency.

15. What is FSK and BPSK?

In FSK, a binary 0 is one carrier frequency and a binary 1 is another frequency. BPSK uses a
0° shift for a binary 0 and a 180° shift for a binary 1.