8 Switching Mode

Regulators
EE307 – Power Electronics
Spring 2019
Introduction
• DC converters can be used as switching
mode regulators
• Convert dc voltage (unregulated) to
regulated dc output voltage
• Regulation achieved by PWM at fixed
frequency
• Switching devices: BJT, MOSFET, IGBT
❑Buck regulator
❑Boost regulator
❑Buck-Boost regulator
Buck Regulator
• The average output voltage 𝑉𝑎 is less than the input voltage 𝑉𝑠
• Step down converter
Modes of Operation
• Mode 1:
• Transistor 𝑄1 is switched on at 𝑡 = 0
• Input current flows through inductor L, capacitor C and load resistor R
• Inductor current increases
• Mode 2:
• Transistor 𝑄1 is switched off at 𝑡 = 𝑡1
• Freewheeling diode 𝐷𝑚 conducts due to energy stored in inductor
• Inductor current flows through L, C and diode 𝐷𝑚
• Inductor current falls until transistor 𝑄1 is switched on again
 (c) Capacitor current
(a) Inductor current

(b) Input current

(d) Output current/voltage
Buck Regulator
• During mode 1:
𝑑𝑖
𝑉𝐿 = 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
(𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑎 )𝑡1
∆𝐼 = (a)

• During mode 2: 𝐿 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: ∆𝐼 = 𝐼2 − 𝐼1

𝑑𝑖
𝑉𝐿 = −𝐿
𝑑𝑡
𝑉𝑠 = 0
𝑉𝑎 𝑡2
∆𝐼 = (b)
𝐿
Average Value: Buck Regulator
• Equating the two, we get:
(𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑎 )𝑡1 𝑉𝑎 𝑡2
= 𝑡1
𝐿 𝐿 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑘 =
𝑇
𝑉𝑎 = 𝑘𝑉𝑠
• Assuming for lossless components for the circuits:

𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑉𝑎 𝐼𝑎
𝐼𝑠 = 𝑘𝐼𝑎
Switching Period: Buck Regulator
• From (a) and (b):
∆𝐼𝐿 ∆𝐼𝐿
𝑡1 = 𝑡2 =
𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑎 𝑉𝑎
• Switching period T:
 Filter Inductance: Buck Regulator
• Rearranging we get peak-to-peak ripple current as:

• Using 𝑉𝑎 = 𝑘𝑉𝑠 , we get:

• This equation can be used to find the filter inductance

Filter Capacitance: Buck Regulator
• Similarly, it can be shown that the ripple voltage is:

• Substituting the value of ∆𝐼, filter capacitance can be found

by:
Summary (Buck Converter)
Example

a) K = 42.67%
b) L = 145.83 μH
c) C = 200 μ F
Boost Regulator
• Produce output greater than the input voltage
• Varying the duty cycle enables to keep output voltage at
constant level on varying load
Modes of Operation
• Mode 1:
• Transistor 𝑀1 turned on at 𝑡 = 0
• Current flows through inductor and transistor
• Current rises from initial current 𝐼1 to 𝐼2 in time 𝑡1
• Mode 2:
• Transistor 𝑀1 is switched OFF at 𝑡1
• Current flows through L, C, Load and diode
• Inductor current falls until transistor is switched back ON
• Energy stored in inductor is transferred to load
Boost Regulator
• In mode 1:

• In mode 2:
Average Voltage: Boost Regulator
• Equating the two above expressions:

• Rearranging:

• Assuming lossless components:

Switching Period: Boost Regulator
• Switching period:

• Peak-to-peak ripple current

• Using this we can find the filter inductance

Filter Capacitance: Boost Regulator

• Peak-to-peak ripple capacitor voltage

• Using this we can find the filter capacitance

Summary (Boost Converter)
Example: Boost Regulator
Buck-Boost Regulators
• Provides an output voltage that may be less than or greater
than the input voltage
• Output voltage polarity is opposite to that of the input
voltage
• Also known as an inverting regulator
Mode 1: Transistor is ON
• Diode is reversed biased
• Input current flows through L and 𝑄1 , increases
• Inductor stores energy
Mode 2: Transistor is OFF
• Current flows through L, C, D and load
• Energy stored in inductor transferred to load
• Inductor current falls until transistor is switched back again
Buck - Boost Regulator
• In mode 1:

• In mode 2:
 Average Voltage: Buck - Boost Regulator
• Equating the two above expressions:

• Rearranging:

• Assuming lossless components:

Switching Period: Buck - Boost Regulator
• Switching period:

• Peak-to-peak ripple current

• Using this we can find the filter inductance

Filter Capacitance: Buck - Boost Regulator

• Peak-to-peak ripple capacitor voltage

• Using this we can find the filter capacitance

Summary (Buck - Boost Converter)
Example: Buck-Boost Regulator