Lecture # 06 Controlled Rectifiers

BM-486T Power Electronics
Course In-charge: Engr. Dr. Suhaib Masroor
Lecture # 06
Controlled Rectifiers
3rd Nov. 2023

Introduction
• Rectification is the process of converting AC voltages into DC voltages.
• This conversion can be achieved by variety of circuits based on switching devices. The most
commonly used switching devices are diodes, thyristors, power MOS, and etc.
• The rectifier circuits can be classified into three categories
1. Uncontrolled, use only Diodes, and the DC output is fixed in amplitude by amplitude of AC
supply.
2. Fully Controlled, use Thyristors, and the DC output is function of amplitude of AC supply
voltage and point on wave at which thyristor is triggered (called firing angle 𝛼).
3. Half Controlled, use mixture of Diodes and Thyristors, allow minimum control over DC
output voltage than fully controlled converters.
• Uncontrolled and Half Controlled rectifiers will permit power to flow only from AC system to DC
load, and thus called Uni-directional converters.
• Fully Controlled rectifiers, it is possible by controlling 𝛼, to allow power to be transferred from DC
side of the rectifier back into AC system. When this occur, operation is called Inverting mode.
Thus, the fully controlled converter is called Bi-directional converters.
Introduction Cont..
• Thus, it is possible for phase controlled converters to provide either 1 Quadrant, 2 Quadrant, or 4
Quadrant operation at its DC terminals.
• Fig. 6.1(a) shows representation of 1 Quadrant converter, containing controlled and uncontrolled
rectifiers in different circuit positions. With 1 quadrant operation, only one polarity of voltage and
current at DC terminals is possible.
• Fig. 6.1(b) shows representation of 2 Quadrant converter, containing controlled rectifiers in all
circuit positions. With 2 quadrant operation, power can be made to flow from AC to the DC side or
vice versa.
• Fig. 6.1(c) shows representation of 4 Quadrant converter, containing two 2-quadrant converters
connected back to back with each other, thus providing bi-directional current flow through the load.
Introduction Cont..
Control Techniques
• Fig. 6.2 shows a technique of controlled conversion from AC to DC for a half wave circuit, which
uses a uni-directional switch.
• When switch S is turned ON, it conduct current in the direction of arrow. The output voltage
waveform depends on switch control waveform and pulse triggered switch
1. Phase Angle Control (Firing angle control):
• In AC circuits, the SCR can be turned ON by the gate at any angle w.r.t the applied voltage.
• This firing angle is measured w.r.t a given reference , at which firing pulse is applied to the gate.
• Reference is a point at which application of gate pulse result in maximum positive DC voltage.
• 𝛼 is the symbol of firing angle, and is the most efficient method to control the turning ON of
thyristor by varying the firing angle. Such method of control is called Firing angle control.
• Fig. 6.3 shows various waveform obtained using phase angle control for half wave controlled
converter.
Control Techniques
2. Excitation Angle Control:

• Fig. 6.4 shows the output voltage waveform and control pulses for the level triggered and pulse
triggered switches.
• The rising edge of control pulse coincides with the beginning of input voltage waveform. The falling
edge lies at a controllable angle (𝜋 − 𝛽). The angle 𝜷 is called extinction angle.
• In pulse triggered switch, control pulse consists of two short pulses, one for turning ON, and other
for forced turn OFF.
Control Techniques
3. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Control:

• The output voltage waveform and control pulses using PWM control are shown in Fig. 6.5.
• The control pulse is symmetrically positioned w.r.t. positive and negative peaks of the input voltage
waveform.
• Pulse width 𝜹 is the control parameter.
• Similar to extinction angle control, the control pulse consists of two short pulses in case of pulse
triggered switch.
Control Techniques Cont..
Single Phase (1 − Φ) Half Wave Controlled Rectifiers
• In half wave 1 − Φ controlled rectifier, only one SCR is employed in the circuit.
A. With Resistive Load:
• Fig. 6.6(a) shows the circuit diagram of a 1 − Φ half wave converter with resistive load.
• Fig. 6.6(b) shows various voltage and current waveforms.
• The circuit is powered by a line voltage or transformer secondary voltage 𝑒 = 𝐸𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡.
• SCR is assumed to be ideal.

Single Phase (1 − Φ) Half Wave Controlled Rectifiers Cont..
• During positive half cycle, thyristor anode is positive w.r.t cathode, and it block the flow of current
in forward direction until the thyristor is triggered by a gate pulse.
• When thyristor is fired at an angle 𝛼 full supply voltage is applied to the load.
• With zero source reactance, and having resistive load, the current waveform is identical to applied
voltage waveform, having magnitude depending on the amplitude of voltage and value of resistance
𝑅.
• As seen in Fig 6.6(b), the load current will flow until it is commutated by reversal of supply voltage
at 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋.
• The angle 𝜋 − 𝛼 = 𝛽 during which the thyristor conducts is called the conduction angle.
• By varying the firing angle 𝛼 the output voltage can be controlled.
• During negative half cycle, the thyristor blocks the flow of load current and no voltage is applied to
the load 𝑅.
• The voltage and current relation is given as below
• Average load voltage: The average value of load voltage is derived as

𝜋
1
𝐸𝑑𝑐 = 𝐸𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋
𝛼
Where 𝐸𝑚 is the peak value of AC input voltage. Thus
1 𝜋
𝐸𝑑𝑐 = 𝐸 −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡
2𝜋 𝑚 𝛼
𝐸𝑚
𝐸𝑑𝑐 = 1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼 → (6.1)
2𝜋
The maximum output voltage is obtained when 𝛼 = 0
𝐸𝑚
𝐸𝑑𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = → (6.2)
𝜋
• Average load current: With R load, the average load current is directly proportional to average load
voltage divided by load resistance.
𝐸𝑚
𝐼𝑑 = 1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼 → (6.3)
2𝜋𝑅
• R.M.S load voltage: The R.M.S load voltage for a given firing angle 𝛼 is given as
1
𝜋 2
1 2
𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐸𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋
𝛼
1 1
𝜋 2 𝜋 2
2
𝐸𝑚 1 1 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜔𝑡
= 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) ⟹ 𝐸𝑚 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋 2𝜋 2
𝛼 𝛼
1
𝜋 2
1 sin 2𝜔𝑡
= 𝐸𝑚 𝜔𝑡 −
4𝜋 2 𝛼
1
𝜋 − 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼 2
𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐸𝑚 + → (6.4)
4𝜋 8𝜋
For firing angle 𝛼 = 0,
𝐸𝑚
𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 = → (6.5)
2
B. With Inductive Load:
• Fig. 6.7 shows the circuit diagram of a single phase half wave converter with inductive load.
• Fig. 6.8 shows various voltage and current waveforms.
• The load is assumed to be highly inductive.

• At instant 𝑡01 , when thyristor is triggered, the load current will increase in a finite time through the
inductive load. The supply voltage from this instant appears across the load
• Due to inductive load, the increase in current is gradual. Energy is stored in inductor during time 𝑡01
to 𝑡1 .
• At 𝑡1 , the supply voltage reverses, but thyristor is kept conducting due to current through the
inductance is not reduced to zero.
• During negative half cycle, current continue to flow till the energy stored in inductor is dissipated in
the load resistor and a part of energy is fed back to the source. Hence, due to energy stored in
inductor, current continue to flow upto instant 𝑡11 . At 𝑡11 , the load current is zero and due to
negative supply, thyristor turns OFF.
• At instant 𝑡02 , when again pulse is applied, the above cycle repeats.
• Hence, inductive load increase the conduction period of SCR.

• The average value of load voltage is derived as
𝜋+𝛼
1
𝐸𝑑𝑐 = 𝐸𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋
𝛼
It is assumed that, in negative half cycle, the SCR conducts for a period of 𝛼
𝐸𝑚 𝜋+𝛼
𝐸𝑑𝑐 = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 𝛼
2𝜋
𝐸𝑚
𝐸𝑑𝑐 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼 → (6.6)
𝜋
Comparing Eq (6.1) and (6.6), it is clear that average load voltage is reduced in case of inductive load.
This occurs due to conduction of SCR in negative cycle.
C. Effect of Free Wheeling Diode:
• Many circuits, specifically those which are half or uncontrolled, include a diode across the load, as
shown in Fig. 6.9. This diode is describe as commutating diode, flywheel diode or by-pass diode.
• This commutating diode function is to commutate or transfer load current away from the rectifier
whenever the load voltage goes into reverse state.
• This diode serve 2 main functions
1. Prevents reversal of load voltage except for small diode drop
2. Transfer load current away from main rectifier, thereby allowing all of its thyristors to regain
their blocking states.
• Fig. 6.10 shows half wave controlled rectifier with a free wheeling diode 𝐷𝑓 connected across 𝑅 − 𝐿
load. The load voltage and current waveforms are shown in Fig. 6.11.
• With 𝐷𝑓 , thyristor will not be able to conduct beyond 1800
• We know that, during positive half cycle, voltage is induced in the inductance. This induced voltage
will change its polarity as 𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑡 changes its sign and diode 𝐷𝑓 will start conducting, thereby enabling
the inductance to discharge its stored energy into resistance.
Single Phase (1 − Φ) Full Wave Controlled Rectifiers (2 Quadrant Converters)
• There are two configurations of full wave controlled rectifiers, (1) Mid-Point converters, (2) Bridge
converters
1. M-2 Converters (M-2 Connection):

• In single phase full wave controlled rectifier circuit with mid-point configuration, 2 SCR’s (M-2)
and a single phase transformer with CT secondary windings are employed.
• These converters are also called 2 Pulse converters, as two triggering are to be generated during
every cycle of supply to trigger the SCR’s.
A. With Resistive Load
• Fig. 6.12 shows a 2 pulse mid-point converter with resistive load.
• This type of rectifier uses 2 SCR’s connected to a CT secondary of a transformer.
• During positive half cycle, terminal 𝐴 of transformer is positive w.r.t terminal 𝐵, or we say terminal
𝐴 is positive w.r.t 𝑁, the SCR 𝑇1 is FB, and SCR 𝑇2 is RB.
• Initially, no trigger pulse is applied to the gate of SCR’s, they are in OFF state.
• When 𝑇1 is triggered at firing angle 𝛼, current start to flow from terminal 𝐴 through 𝑇1 , 𝑅 and back
to CT (𝑁 terminal), as shown in Fig. 6.12.
Single Phase (1 − Φ) Full Wave Controlled Rectifiers (2 Quadrant Converters) Cont..
• The current continue to flow up to an angle 𝜋, when the line voltage reverses its polarity and 𝑇1 is
turned OFF.
• Depending on the value of 𝛼, the conduction angle of 𝑇1 may be any value between 0 and 𝜋.
• During negative half cycle, terminal 𝐵 of transformer is positive w.r.t 𝑁, the SCR 𝑇2 is FB.
• When 𝑇2 is triggered at an angle 𝜋 + 𝛼 , current start to flow from terminal 𝐵, through 𝑇2 , 𝑅, and
back to the CT of transformer. The current continue to flow till angle 2𝜋, then 𝑇2 is turned OFF.
• It is assumed that both SCR’s are triggered at the same firing angle, hence share the load current
equally.
• Since each half of the input wave is applied across the load, there are two pulses of current in same
direction, hence the ripple frequency across the load is twice of the input supply frequency.
• The voltage and current waveforms are shown in Fig. 6.13
• It is seen that, the load current is always discontinuous with resistive load.
• The voltage and current are derived as
• Average DC output voltage 𝑬𝒅𝒄 :

𝜋
1 𝐸𝑚 𝜋
𝐸𝑚
𝐸𝑑𝑐 = 𝐸𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 ⟹ = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 𝛼 ⟹ = 1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼 → (6.9)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝛼
• Average Load Current 𝑰𝒅𝒄 :
𝐸𝑚
𝐼𝑑𝑐 = 1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼 → (6.10)
𝜋𝑅
• R.M.S load voltage 𝑬𝒓𝒎𝒔 :
1 1
𝜋 2 𝜋 2
2
1 2
𝐸𝑚
𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐸𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) ⟹ = 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
𝜋 𝜋
𝛼 𝛼
1 1
𝜋 2 𝜋 2
1 1 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜔𝑡 1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜔𝑡
= 𝐸𝑚 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) ⟹ = 𝐸𝑚 𝜔𝑡 −
𝜋 2 2𝜋 2 𝛼
𝛼
1 1
1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝛼 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋 2 1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝛼 2
= 𝐸𝑚 𝜋−𝛼+ ⟹ = 𝐸𝑚 𝜋−𝛼+ −0
2𝜋 2 2𝜋 2
1
𝜋 − 𝛼 𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝛼 2
𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐸𝑚 + → (6.11)
2𝜋 4𝜋
B. With inductive Load
• The circuit diagram of single phase full wave half wave controlled rectifier with 𝑅𝐿 load is shown in
Fig. 6.14, and voltage and current waveforms are shown in Fig 6.15.
• In Fig. 6.14, 𝑇1 can be fired into ON state at any time after 𝑒1 goes positive.
• Once, 𝑇1 is turned ON, current builds up in the inductive load, maintaining 𝑇1 in ON state up to
period when 𝑒1 goes negative.
• When 𝑒1 goes negative, 𝑒2 becomes positive, and firing of 𝑇2 turn it ON, which take up the load
current, placing reverse voltage across 𝑇1 , and its current being commutated to 𝑇2 .
• As seen in Fig. 6.15, the peak reverse voltage across SCR is 2𝐸𝑚 i.e. maximum value of complete
transformer secondary voltage.
• The load current may be continuous or discontinuous, depending upon the inductance value. If
inductance is very large (greater then it critical value), the load current will be continuous, otherwise
it is discontinuous.
• Here, we assumed that inductance value is very large, so that each SCR conducts for a period of 1800
• Also observe in Fig. 6.15 that, large inductance and continuous current conduction causes SCR to
conduct continuously even when their anode voltages are negative w.r.t cathode.
𝜋+𝛼
1 𝐸𝑚 2𝐸𝑚
𝐸𝑑𝑐 = 𝐸𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 ⟹ = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜋 + 𝛼 ⟹ = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼 → (6.12)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝛼
• Observing Eq. (6.12) lead to the following conclusion
1. Highest Edc is obtained when α = 0
2. Edc = 0 is obtained when α = 900 i.e. load voltage contain equal positive and negative areas, giving
zero output voltage.
3. Edc is negative maximum when α = 1800
• The circuit waveforms for various firing angles are shown in Fig. 6.16. following points can be
observed from these diagrams.
1. For 𝛼 = 300 , more power is fed into the load than is reversed back into the supply
2. As 𝛼 increases, Edc decreases.
3. For α = 900 the load voltage contain equal positive and negative areas, giving zero output voltage.
4. For α > 900 , Edc goes negative. At α = 1800 the negative DC voltage is maximum.
5. The period for which a SCR is RB reduces as the firing angle increases to 1800 . To turn OFF the
SCR, it must be RB for greater than its turn OFF time. Thus, maximum firing angle must always be
less than 1800
C. Effect of Free Wheeling Diode
• Fig. 6.17 shows full wave CT phase controlled SCR circuit with inductive load and freewheeling
diode. While voltage and current waveform are shown in Fig. 6.18
• As seen in Fig. 6.18, SCR’s are triggered at an angle 𝛼, and a variable DC voltage at the load is
obtained by varying this firing angle 𝛼.
• It is also seen that, when the AC supply voltage goes through zero at 1800 , the voltage can not be
negative since freewheeling diode 𝐷𝑓 starts conducting, and clamp the load voltage to zero volts.
• The energy stored in inductive load circulates current through 𝐷𝑓 , in the direction shown in Fig.
6.17. the rate of decay of this current depends on the time constant of the load.

𝜋
1 𝐸𝑚
𝐸𝑑𝑐 = 𝐸𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 ⟹ = 1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼 → (6.13)
𝜋 𝜋
𝛼
• DC load current 𝑰𝒅𝒄 :

𝐸𝑚
𝐼𝑑𝑐 = 1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼 → (6.14)
𝜋𝑅
• In Fig.6.18, it is seen that 𝐷𝑓 carries the load current during the firing angle 𝛼, when SCR’s are not
conducting. Hence the current through 𝐷𝑓 is given by
𝛼
𝐼𝐷𝑓 = 𝐼𝑑𝑐
𝜋
𝐸𝑚 𝛼
𝐼𝐷𝑓 = 1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼 → (6.15)
𝜋𝑅 𝜋
2. Bridge Converters (B-2 Connection):

A. With Resistive Load
• An alternative circuit arrangement of a 2 quadrant converter, operating from a single phase supply, is
a fully controlled bridge circuit as shown in Fig. 6.19.
• The operation of this circuit is similar to that of a 2 pulse mid-point converter of Fig. 6.12.
• In a bridge circuit, diagonally opposite pair of SCR’s are made to conduct, and are commutated
simultaneously.
• The output voltage and current waveform are shown in Fig. 6.20.
• During positive half cycle, SCR’s 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 are FB, and if they are triggered simultaneously, then
current flows through the path 𝐿 − 𝑇1 − 𝑅 − 𝑇2 − 𝑁. Hence, in positive half cycle, 𝑇1 and 𝑇2
conducts.
• During negative half cycle, SCR’s 𝑇3 and 𝑇4 are FB, and if they are triggered simultaneously, then
current flows through the path 𝑁 − 𝑇3 − 𝑅 − 𝑇4 − 𝐿. Hence, in negative half cycle, 𝑇3 and 𝑇4
conducts.
• SCR’s 𝑇1, , 𝑇2 , 𝑇3 and 𝑇4 are triggered at the same firing angle 𝛼 in each positive and negative half
cycles.
• When supply voltage falls to zero, the current also goes to zero. Hence, SCR’s 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 in positive half
cycle, and 𝑇3 , 𝑇4 in negative half cycle, turns OFF by natural commutation.
• The relation for 𝐸𝑑𝑐 , 𝐼𝑑𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 for the bridge configuration is similar to the Equations (6.9),
(6.10), and (6.11) respectively.
B. With Inductive Load
• A single phase fully controlled bridge circuit with RL load as shown in Fig. 6.21.
• The waveform for 2 different firing angles are shown in Fig. 6.22.
• It is seen in Fig. 6.21 that, the conduction does not take place until SCR’s are fired, and in order to make
current flow, SCR’s 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 must be fired together, and 𝑇3 , 𝑇4 in the next half cycle.
• Inductance 𝐿 ensure reduction in ripple at the output. A large value of 𝐿 results in continuous current
conduction, while small value of 𝐿 will produce discontinuous load current for large firing angles.
• The voltage waveform at the DC terminals consist of steady DC component on to which is superimposed an
AC ripple component, having fundamental frequency equal to twice of that of AC supply.
• The input line current has square waveform of amplitude 𝐼𝑑 , and fundamental component of this waveform
is in-phase with the input voltage.
• As seen in Fig. 6.22(a), at 𝛼 = 600 , 𝑇1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇2 are triggered. Current flows through the path 𝐿 − 𝑇1 −
𝐿 − 𝑅 − 𝑇2 − 𝐴. Supply voltage from this instant appears across the output terminal, and forces the
current through load.
• This load current 𝐼𝑑 is assumed to be constant. 𝐼𝑑 also flows through the supply, from line to neutral
direction, which is taken as positive, as shown in Fig. 6. 22(a), along with applied voltage.
• At 𝜋, voltage reverses, but due to large inductance, the current is maintained in same direction at
constant magnitude 𝐼𝑑 which keep 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 conducting, and hence negative supply appears across
output terminals.
• At (𝜋 + 𝛼), 𝑇3 , 𝑇4 are fired. With this, the negative line voltage RB 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 . Current flows through the
path A − 𝑇3 − 𝐿 − 𝑅 − 𝑇4 − 𝐿.
• The process repeats in each half cycle, and we get the output voltages as shown in Fig. 6.22
• In Fig. 6.22, it is also seen that the line current is positive when 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 are conducting, and negative
when 𝑇3 , 𝑇4 are conducting.
𝜋+𝛼
1 𝐸𝑚 2𝐸𝑚
𝐸𝑑𝑐 = 𝐸𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 ⟹ = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜋 + 𝛼 ⟹ = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼 → (6.16)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝛼
• By controlling the phase angle of 𝛼 in range of 0 − 1800 , 𝐸𝑑𝑐 can be varied from positive maximum
to negative maximum, assuming continuous current flow at the DC terminals.
• Since 𝐸𝑑𝑐 is reversible, even though current flow in the DC terminals is uni-directional, the power
flow in the circuit can be in either directions. Hence, 2 mode of operations are possible with fully
controlled single phase bridge circuit
• Mode 1, Rectifying mode: During interval 𝛼 𝑡𝑜 𝜋, supply voltage 𝐸𝑠 and current 𝐼𝑠 are positive,
power floe from AC source to load. During interval 𝜋 𝑡𝑜 (𝜋 + 𝛼), supply voltage 𝐸𝑠 is negative but
the current 𝐼𝑠 is positive, thus the load return part of its energy to the supply system. But the net
power flow is from AC source to DC load because 𝜋 − 𝛼 > 𝛼, Fig. 6.22(a).
• Moreover, observing Eq. (6.16), if 𝛼 < 900 , the voltage at DC terminal is positive, therefore, power
flows from AC side to DC side, and converter operates as a Rectifier.
• Mode 2, Inverting mode: In Fig. 6.22(b), the firing pulses are retarded by an angle of 1350 . The DC
terminal voltage waveform now contain a mean negative component, and the fundamental component
of AC line current waveform lags the voltage by angle of 1350 .
• Since, the mean DC terminal voltage is negative, (𝛼 > 900 ), the DC power and mean AC power
must also be negative. In other words, power is now being delivered from DC side to AC side, and
converter is said to be operating as line commutated inverter.
• Practically, to achieve this situation, it is necessary for a DC voltage source 𝐸, whose voltage is equal
to average DC voltage (negative) of the converter must be connected in the output, as shown in Fig.
6.23.
• It is this external voltage source which dives the DC current into converter against the counter voltage
produced at its DC terminal.
Sample Problems: 1 − Φ Controlled Rectifiers
Sample Problems: 1 − Φ Controlled Rectifiers Cont..
Any Questions?

Lecture # 06 Controlled Rectifiers

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture # 06 Controlled Rectifiers

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BM-486T Power Electronics

Course In-charge: Engr. Dr. Suhaib Masroor

3rd Nov. 2023

1. Phase Angle Control (Firing angle control):

2. Excitation Angle Control:

3. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Control:

A. With Resistive Load:

• Fig. 6.6(b) shows various voltage and current waveforms.

• SCR is assumed to be ideal.

• By varying the firing angle 𝛼 the output voltage can be controlled.

• Average load voltage: The average value of load voltage is derived as

• Fig. 6.8 shows various voltage and current waveforms.

• The load is assumed to be highly inductive.

• Hence, inductive load increase the conduction period of SCR.

• This diode serve 2 main functions

1. Prevents reversal of load voltage except for small diode drop

• With 𝐷𝑓 , thyristor will not be able to conduct beyond 1800

1. M-2 Converters (M-2 Connection):

• The voltage and current waveforms are shown in Fig. 6.13

• The voltage and current are derived as

• Average DC output voltage 𝑬𝒅𝒄 :

1. Highest Edc is obtained when α = 0

3. Edc is negative maximum when α = 1800

2. As 𝛼 increases, Edc decreases.

• Average DC output voltage 𝑬𝒅𝒄 :

• DC load current 𝑰𝒅𝒄 :

2. Bridge Converters (B-2 Connection):

You might also like