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• The distribution system is a part of the power system, existing between distribution
sub-stations and the consumers.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION(DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS)
• Distribution systems
To distribute the electric
power among the consumer.
DC AC
Distribution Distribution
system system
Concentrated Distributed
loads loads
y=I2-x
• As both the point A and B are maintained at same voltage, drop in section Aa must
be equal to drop in section Bb.
i1r1+i2r2=i3r3+i4r4
(I1+x)r1+xr2=(I2-x)r3+(I2+I3-x)r4
• All current known ,
x and voltage drop
can be calculated
𝑥2
𝑉𝐴𝐶 =𝑖𝑟(𝑙𝑥 − ) volts equation of parabola
2
Upto B, x=l
𝑙×𝑙 𝑙2 1
𝑉𝐴𝐵 =𝑖𝑟(𝑙 × 𝑙 − )=ir = 2(il)(rl)
2 2
1
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼𝑅
2
• Power loss=I2R,elementary length dx
• At point C
𝑑𝑃 = [𝑖 𝑙 − 𝑥 ]2 𝑟 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 2 3
2𝑙𝑥 𝑥
𝑃= 𝑖 2 𝑙 2 − 2𝑙𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑟 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑖 2 (𝑙 2 𝑥 − + )
0 2 3
X=l
𝑖 2 𝑟𝑙 3
𝑃=
3
2.Fed at both the ends (Uniformly
Distributed load)
1.End at Equal voltages
fed at point A and B are maintained at equal voltage
The total current to be supplied is il amperes.
𝑖𝑙
As two end voltage are equal ,each end will supply half the required current i.e 2 .
Midpoint distance l/2,point C at a distance x , current feeding is il/2 (A)
𝑖𝑙 𝑙
Current at C= − 𝑖𝑥 = 𝑖 − 𝑥
2 2
Voltage drop over length dx is,
𝑙
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑖 − 𝑥 𝑟 𝑑𝑥
2
• Upto point C is,
𝑥
𝑙 𝑙𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑟
𝑉𝐴𝐶 = 𝑖 − 𝑥 𝑟 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑖𝑟 − = [𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ]
0 2 2 2 2
Maximum voltage drop at midpoint x=l/2
𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑖𝑟𝑙 2 1 𝐼𝑅
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 = ir − = = 𝑖𝑙 𝑟𝑙 =
4 8 8 8 8
¼ drop of fed at one end
Power loss ,point c
𝑙
𝑑𝑃 = [𝑖 − 𝑥 ]2 𝑟 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑙
𝑙2
𝑃 = 𝑖 2𝑟 − 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 4
𝑖 2 𝑟𝑙 3
𝑃=
12
• 2.Ends at Unequal voltages
• Let point C be the point of minimum potential which at a distance x from feeding point A
• The current supplied by the feeding point A is ix
• The current supplied by the feeding point B is i(l-x)
• V1-drops over AC= V2-drops over BC
𝑖𝑟𝑙 2
• In case of distributed load the drop is given by 2
for a length of l
𝑖𝑟𝑥 2
𝑉𝐴𝐶 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
2
𝑖𝑟(𝑙 − 𝑥)2
𝑉𝐵𝐶 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
2
𝑖𝑟𝑥 2 𝑖𝑟(𝑙 − 𝑥)2
𝑉1 − = 𝑉2 −
2 2
X?
Ring main distributor with interconnection
• Cable is arranged in the Loop fashion,fed at only one point
• Use for large area hence voltage drop across the various section become
larger(excessive voltage drop).
• Solution:-distant point of ring distributor are joined together by a conductor this is
called interconnection.
• Thevenin’s theorem
𝐸𝑜
𝐼=
𝑅𝑇𝐻 + 𝑅𝐷𝐺
AC Distribution
• Advantages of AC
• Cheaper transformation between voltages
• Easy to switch off
• Less equipment needed
• More economical in general
• Rotating field
Methods of solving A.C Distribution problem