(2022-23)

Activity Lab Manual

Class - XII | Minor File
Name : _________________________________
Section : ________________________________
Roll No. : ________________________________

Instructions to Follow

1. All content must be copied as it in sequence , there should not be any be any type of cutting.
2. Calculation and Diagram must be done neatly on blank page.
3. Use pen for making observation table on ruled page.
4. Use pencil for diagrams. pasting of diagram form the given content is not allowed.
5. Use only Blue pen. You can use Black pen only for Headings.
6. Cover your files with white paper before the submission.
 ..ACTIVITY - 1...

Aim:- To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three on/off switch, a fuse and a power
source.
Apparatus:- three bulbs , three on/off switches, a socket, a plug, a fuse of 1.0 A, flexible connecting wires,
main switch.
Theory:- If P1, P2, P3 --------are the powers consumed by different appliances, then the total power
consumed in the household circuit is
P = P1 + P2 P3 + --------
Current drawn from the main of V volts will be I =
Result:- (i) Each bulb functions independently of the other through a separate switch.
(ii) The three bulbs can function simultaneously with the installed fuse safely.
Precaution:- (i) The rating of the required fuse must be determined carefully by calculating the maximum
current drawn by the circuit.
(ii) Never use safety fuse of much higher rating than the current normally drawn from /by the
circuit.
 ..ACTIVITY - 2...

Aim:- To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.

Apparatus:- A resistor, an ammeter, a voltmeter, a battery, one way key, rheostat, connecting wires and
a piece of sand paper.
Theory:- For assembling the components of any circuit, it is advisable to connect the components in the
following order.
1. Source of power
2. Plug key
3. Resistors, bulbs, inductors or any other load.
4. Measuring instruments ammeter, voltmeter, metre bridge, potentiometer, etc. Ammeter is
connected in series and voltmeter in parallel with the load with positive ends of both toward the
positive terminal of the battery.

Result:- The components of the given electrical circuit have been correctly assembled.
Precaution:- (i) Make neat and tight connections.
(ii) The ammeter should be connected in series and voltmeter in parallel with the resistor.
 ..ACTIVITY - 3...

Aim:- To draw the diagram of given open circuit comprising at least a battery, rheostat, key, ammeter
and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct the
circuit and circuit diagram.

Apparatus:- A given open comprising at least a battery, plug key , resistor, rheostat, ammeter, voltmeter,
and connecting wires and a piece of sand paper.

Theory:- As electrical circuit is functional only if all the components are connected in proper order
assuming that all circuit components are in working condition and key is closed.

As open circuit means there is a break in some part of the circuit. This break may be either deliberate
such as a key left in open position or a fault such as broken wire, some burnt out components or a loose
connection. This circuit shows discontinuity for one or more components.

Observation:- For checking border of connections of circuit components. Mark a column.

S.No. Circuit component Correct connection Incorrect connection

1. Battery
2. Resistor
3. Rheostat
4. Key
5. Ammeter
6. Voltmeter

Result:-The circuit assembled by connecting components in proper order is functionally correct as

verified by passing current through it.

Precaution:- (i) The ammeter should be connected in series with the resistor and the voltmeter in
parallel with it.

(ii) The positive terminals of ammeter and voltmeter should be connected to the positive
terminal of the battery.

(iii) Rheostat should be connected in the circuit using its one end terminal and the other
variable terminal.

(iv) The plug key should be kept open throughout. It should be closed only at the time of
checking the continuity of the circuit.
Calculation:-
K = V/l
K = 0.80 / 62 = 0.012
K = 0.90 / 84 = 0.010
 ..ACTIVITY - 4...

Aim:-To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current.
Apparatus:- A potentiometer, a battery, a voltmeter, an ammeter, key, jockey, a low resistance
rheostat, connecting wire, etc.
Theory:- A potentiometer works on the principle that if a constant current flows through a wire of
uniform area of cross-section and composition, then the potential drop ‛V′ across any length ‛l′
of the wire is directly proportional to the length ‛ l ′.
Vαl V = kl k = V/l

K = Potential drop per unit length and is called potential gradient.

Observation:- Range of the voltmeter = 3 Volt
Least count of voltmeter = Range/NO. of division = 3/60 = 0 .05 Volt
Range of the ammeter = 3 amp.
Least count of ammeter = Range/NO. of division = 3/60=0 .05 amp.
Observation table:-
S.No. Length of potential wire Voltmeter reading Potential gradient
(l) (V) k=V/l
1. 62 0.80 0.012
2. 84 0.90 0.010
Result:- Within the limits of experimental error, the ratio V/l is found to be constant. This shows that V α
l Mean value of k = 0.011 V/ cm.

Precaution:- (i) All connection should be neat, clean and tight.

(ii) Do not drag the jockey along the wire while moving it from one point to another. It
should be pressed gently at different positions of the wire.
(iii) The current in the auxiliary circuit should be passed only for the duration it is essential
for taking the observation. This prevents unnecessary heating and the consequent change of resistance
of the potentiometer wire.
Source error:- (i) The area of cross-section of the potentiometer wire may not be uniform.
(ii) Voltmeter reading may not be accurate.
 ..ACTIVITY - 5..

Aim:- To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.
Apparatus:- A multimeter, a mixed collection of diode, LED, resistor and capacitor.
Theory:-
Diode:- A two terminal device which conducts current when forward biased and not when reverse
biased. It does not emit light during its conduction.
LED :- A light emitting diode is a two terminal device which conducts current when forward biased
and not when reverse biased. It emits a characteristic light during the conduction.
Resistor:- A two terminal device which conduct equally in both directions.
Capacitor:- A two terminal device which offers infinite resistance to dc but has a finite reactance for
ac. When connected across a dc source, a multimeter shows a large current initially
which decreases to zero quickly. This is because the capacitor initially draws a charg
Observation:-

S.No. Current flow Device

1. Unidirectional emits no light Diode
2. Unidirectional emits light LED
3. Both direction (steady) Resistor
4. Initially high but decays to zero Capacitor

Result:- Identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.
Precaution:- (i) While checking the conduction state of any component, clean its leads properly.
(ii) Use the selector switch of the multimeter in resistance mode with highest range
option.
Calculation:- (A) For first observation;
t = 5.1 cm d = 1.3 cm d/t = 5.1/1.3 = 0.25
(B) For second observation:
t =2.0 cm d = 0.50 cm d/t = 2.0/0.50 = 0.25
 ..ACTIVITY - 6...
Aim:- To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab.

Apparatus:- A glass slab, a drawing board, White paper sheet, alpins, protractor, ruler, sharp pencil and
eraser.

Theory:- Angle of incidence i = Angle of emergence e

Observation:-

S.No. Distance between refracting Lateral d/t (unitless)

planes (t) cm displacement (d)
cm
1. 5.1 1.3 0.25
2. 2.0 0.50 0.25

Result:- Angle of incidence (i) = Angle of emergence (e).

The lateral displacement increases with the increase in thickness of the slab. The lateral
displacement increases with the angle of incidence (i).

Precaution:- 1. The boundary of the glass slab should be marked with a shap pencil.

2. Alpins should be fixed vertically and about 8 to 10 cm apart.

3. The angle of incidence should lie between 30° to 60°.

 ..ACTIVITY - 7...

Aim:- Use of multimeter to see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an LED and check
whether a given electronic component (e.g. diode) is in working order.

Apparatus:- A multimeter, a diode, LED, sand paper.

Theory:- (i) When a junction diode/LED is forward , biased a substantial current will flow through it.

(ii) A junction diode offers low resistance during forward biasing and it offers a very high
resistance during reverse biasing.

Observation & calculation:- See the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and LED.

(+ve) positive (-ve) negative Conduction Conduction

lead lead
Diode (-ve) leg (+ve) leg No Diode allows the
(+ve) leg (-ve) leg Yes flow of current in
one direction
only.
LED (-ve) leg (+ve) leg No LED allows the
(+ve) leg (-ve) leg Yes flow current only
when it is
forward biased
as well as emits
light.

Result:- Identify diode and an LED, checked given electronic component (e.g. diode, LED) in working order
and see the see the unidirectional flow of current in case of diode and LED.

Precaution:- 1. For measuring resistance of any component, its leads should be cleaned properly with a sand
paper.

2. For measuring current and resistance appropriate selection of function switch and range
switch should be made.

3. The polarity probe leads should be connected to the proper polarities for measurements in dc
circuits.