AcTIVITY -

Aim. Toassemble a household circuit comprising three bulos, three (on/off) switches, a fuse, and a
power Source.
Apparatus. Three bulb holders, three on/off switches and a fuse with suitable fuse wire (2A) fixed on the
board, connecting wires, Bakelite sheet, drilling machine, flexible wire of two colours, screwdriver etc.
Procedure
1. Cut bake the sheet according to the size of the on-off
8,
switches, bulb holders and fuse.
2. Fix up the various switches and holders on the board
with the help of screwdriver. S,
3. Use flexible wire to connect three bulbs and switches
B,
as per the circuit diagram. Neutral wire (with one
coloured wire usually blue or black) is connected to
one end of the bulb holder and live wire (other coloured S
wire usually red) is connected through fuse to one end
B,
of the switch. The other end of the switch is connected
to the other end of the bulb.
4. Now use fuse wire in the fuse holder.
5. Test them one by one after connecting the main wire to
220V supply. Wire
Obseryations. AC voltage
The bulb glows when switched on and stops glowing when Source

the switch is put off.

Precautions.
1. Step up transformer should be used.
2. The safety fuse should be used.
3. The connections should be tight.
4. Bulbs of stated rating should be used.
 ACTIVITY 2

AIM:
To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit (say Ohm's Lauw).
APPARATUS
A resistance wire, an ammeter, a voltmeter, a battery, connection wires, sand paper, a one way
key and a rheostat.
CIRCIUT DIAGRAM :
The required circuit diagram is
given in the figure.

Rheostat

Battery Battery or
Battery eliminator

Unknown resistance wire

Ammeter

Vollmeter

Fig. 4 : An arrangement diagram of Ohm's Law.

PROCEDURE :
1. Connect the ammneter in the series.
2. Connect the voltmeter in parallel with the given resistance.
3. Connect the rheostat in series with the circuit as shown in the figure 4.
4. Connect the other components such as battery, key etc as shown in the figure 4.
USE:
Use of this circuit is to find the resistance of the given wire.
 WACTIVITY - 3 resistor/rheostat,
Aim. To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery,
order and correct
amneter and voltmeter.· Mark the components that are not connected in proper
key,
also the circuit diagram.
the circuit and
Apparatus. A voltmeter, an ammeter, a resistor, arheostat, a battery and a key.
manner that
connected in such a
Theory. In open circuit, the primary component of electrical circuit are
on closingthe circuit no current is drawn from the cell.
Procedure.
1. Draw the circuit diagranm for open circuit and correct circuit diagram.

ww
Ww
Correct Circuit
Open Circuit
ammeter is
component are not connected in proper order because
2. In open circuit in figure
(1) the circuit and battery key is
Voltmeter is placed in series in the
connected in parallel with rheostat.
connected parallel with resistor. ammeter, rheostat in series with positive
connection connect battery, key, resistor,
3. To make correct battery. Then connect the voltmeter in parallel across
terminal of
terminal, ammeter with positive
resistor. suitable.
The range of voltmeter and ammeter should be
Precautions. 1.
in parallel and ammeter in series in the circuit.
2. Connect voltmeter
 AcTIVITY - 4s
Aim. To identily a diode, an LED, transistor, and IC, aresistor and a capacitor frommixed collection
of such items.
Apparatus. Multimeter, battery, reversing key, different components.
terminals and an IC
Theory. Resistor, capacitor and diode are all terminal devices, A transistor has three
easily segregrate an IC out of a
has minimum of eight legs. Most of the IC packages have flat back. One can
terminal device can be identified just by
mixture of the above mentioned components. A transistor being a three
looking at the various components.
Procedure
How to identify IC.
having four or more than four
1. The component in the form of chip and
terminals is an IC.
How to identify transistor ?
is a transistor. The components
2. The component having three terminals (e) Integrated circuits
resistor or capacitor.
having two terminals may be diode, LED,
To idenify diode, LED, Registor or capacitor. 79
Physics-XIl
 3. Connect battery. multimeter (galvanometer or ammeter mode), reversing key and one of fthe component
in series.
4, If multimeter gives deflection when voltage is applied in one direction and does not deflect wh.
voltage is reversed and no light is emitted from the component, then it is a diode.

pnp or npn
LED

(c) Diodes
7I
(d) TRANSISTOR

5. If multimeter gives deflection when voltage is applied in one direction and does not deflect when
voltage is reversed and light is cmitted fronm the component, then it is a LED.
6. If multimeter gives deflection when voltage is applied in one way and also when voltage is reversed.
then component is a resistor.
7. If multimeter gives a momentary deflection when voltage is applied in one way and when voltage is
reversed, then component is a capacitor.
Observation :
Table-I

Sr. No. Number of legs Device

1. More than 3 IC
2. Three Transistor, Capacitor
3. Two Diode or resistor

Table-II

Sr. No. Device Possible current Flow

1. Diode Unidirectional
2. LED (i) Emits no light
(ii) Emits light
3. Resistor Both direction
4. Capacitor Initially high decreasing to zero.
 ACTIVITY 5
Aim. To observe diffraction of light due to athin slit.
Apparatus. Two razor blades, a sodium amp, an
ordinary electric lamp.
Procedure.1. Take two razor blades and hold them
side by side as shown in figure with their sharp edges parallel
and quite close to each other to form a thin slit. +Razor blades
2. Switch on the sodium lamp and Slit
observe the fringes
through the slit.
3. Change the width of the slit and again
observe the
diffraction pattern.
4. Replace the sodium lamp by an ordinary lamp and
again observe the pattern by changing the width of
list.

S.N. Lamp used Type of diffraction pattern observed

(A) Sodium lamp Dark and bright yellow fringes
1. Small width Fringes are wide apart
2. Wide width Fringe pattern becomes narrow
(B) Sodium lamp Coloured fringes
1. Small width Fringes are wide apart
2. Wide width Fringe pattern becomes narrow

Physics-XI| E
Inference
The light bends round the sharp corners and spreads into regions of geometrical shadow.
Precaution
1There should be no air gap between the glass plate and paper.
2. The slit should be made as narrow as possible.
3. The source of light should emit light of same wave length and same amplitude.