Statics ofParticle

Statics of Particle
• Vector:
Parameters possessing magnitude and direction
which add according to the parallelogram law.
Examples: displacements, velocities,
accelerations.

• Scalar:
Parameters possessing magnitude but not
direction. Examples: mass, volume,
temperature
 Force
• A force represents the action of one body on
another.
• Generally represented by its point of
application, its magnitude, and its direction
• Experimental evidence shows that the
combined effect of two forces may be
represented by a single resultant force
• Resultant force R:
• A single net force of all external forces is
called resultant or resultant force.

• Equilibrium:
• Equilibrium of a body means a state of rest or
balance under the effect of the external forces
acting on the body, the net force or resultant
force = 0.
• Equilibrant (E) or balance force:
• It is a single force which balances the whole
force system, i.e. it brings into equilibrium.
• Same magnitude of resultant but opposite
direction.
 Q
R

θ
α
O
P

E
 F3 F2

O
F1

F4
 System of Forces
• When two or more than two forces act on a
body, they are called to form a system of
forces.
• Concurrent forces:
• Non concurrent forces:
• Coplanar forces:
• Non Coplanar forces:
• Non-coplanar concurrent forces
• Collinear forces
 Space Diagram
• A sketch showing the physical conditions of
the problem is known as a space diagram.
 Free body Diagram
• A diagram showing a significant particle and
forces acting on it.
 Force diagram
• A force triangle for three forces and force
polygon for more than three forces drawn
according to triangle rule or polygon rule with
exact direction is called vector diagram or
force diagram.
 Bow’s notation
• They are the capital letters placed on both
sides of all the forces in space diagram or free
body diagram for conveniency of naming the
forces.
 Addition of vectors
• Parallelogram law:
If the two forces acting simultaneously on a
particle be represented in magnitude and
direction by the two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram; their resultant may be
represented by the diagonal of the
parallelogram, which passes through their
point of interaction.
 R
Q

θ
α
O
P

Q sin 
tan 
P  Q cos
 Triangle Rule
• If the two forces acting simultaneously on a
particle be represented in magnitude and
direction by the two sides of a triangle taking
in order; their resultant may be represented in
magnitude and direction by the third side of
the triangle, taken in opposite order.
 Q

O P

R
Q

P
Triangle Rule
 Lami’s Theorem
• If three coplanar forces, acting on a body are in
equilibrium then each force is proportional to
the sine of the angle between the other two
forces.
 Q α P

γ β

P Q R
 
sin  sin sin 
 Law of Polygone
• It is an extension of triangle law of forces
• If a number of forces acting simultaneously on
a particle be represented in magnitude and
direction by the sides of polygone taken in
order, then the resultant of all these forces may
be represented in magnitude and direction by
the closing side of the polygone taken in order.
Find the reaction offered by surfaces.
Weight of sphere = 100 N
Find the reaction offered by surfaces.
Weight of sphere = 100 N

90
90

R2 R1
60 60

W
 90
90
?◦ ?◦
R2 R1
60 60

30◦ 30◦

100 N
 30◦ 30◦
120◦
120◦

100 N

R1 R2 100
 
sin120 sin120 sin120

R1 = R2 = 100 N
A 200 N sphere is resting in a trough as shown in figure.
Determine the reactions developed at contact surfaces.
Assume all contact surfaces are smooth.
A 200 N sphere is resting in a trough as shown in figure.
Determine the reactions developed at contact surfaces.
Assume all contact surfaces are smooth.

R1 = 146.4 N
R2 = 179.3 N
 90
90
?◦ ?◦
R1 R2
60

45◦ 30◦

200 N
45◦ 30◦

45◦ 30◦
200 N
120◦
135◦

200 N

R1 R2 200
 
sin135 sin120 sin105
R1 = 146.41 N
R2 =179.31 N
An electric light fixture weighing 25 N hangs from a point C,
by two strings AC and BC as shown in figure. Determine
forces in AC and BC.
An electric light fixture weighing 25 N hangs from a point C,
by two strings AC and BC as shown in figure. Determine
forces in AC and BC.

TBC = 12.94 N
TAC = 18.30 N
 45◦ 60◦

25 N

TAC T 25
 BC 
sin135 sin150 sin75

45◦
60◦ TBC = 12.94 N
150◦ TAC = 18.30 N
135◦

25 N
Determine the tension in cables AB , BC , and CD , necessary to support
the 10-kg and 15-kg traffic lights at B and C , respectively. Also, find the
angle θ. Take g = 9.81 m/s2
15◦ θ◦

10x9.81 N 15x9.81 N
 (1) A sphere of 100N weight is tied to a wall by a string as
shown in fig . Find the tension in the string and the
reaction of the wall. 15ͦ

100 N
 Ladder

Nw
ladder
Fw = μw Nw
Fw l

wall l/2
W
θ◦
floor Ff
Ff = μf Nf
Nf