Chapter 4

AC MACHINES FUNDAMENTALS
 AC MACHINES
AC Machines

Synchronous Machines Induction Machines

Magnetic field Field current is

current is supplied supplied by
by a separate dc magnetic induction
power source (transformer action)
into their field
windings.
The field circuits are
located on their
rotors.
A simple loop in a uniform magnetic Field

eind = (v x B) . l

Eind= 2 vBL sinθ

eind  max  sin t
Torque induced in a current carrying loop

 ind   ab   bc   cd   da
 rilB sin  ab  rilB sin  cd
 2rilB sin 

 ind  kBloop xBS

 Rotating Magnetic Field
• Fundamental principle – a 3-phase set of currents, each of
equal magnitude and differing in phase by 120º, flows in a 3-
phase winding, then it will produce a rotating magnetic field
of constant magnitude.

(a) A simple three phase stator. Currents in this (b) The magnetizing intensity vector Haa’ (t)
stator are assumed positive if they flow into the
produced by a current flowing in coil aa’.
unprimed end and out the primed end of the
coils. The H produced by each coil are also
shown.
t  0 t  90
 Proof of Rotating Field Concept

Bnet (t )  BM sin t0  BM sin(t  120)120  BM sin(t  240)240 T

Bnet (t )  1.5 BM sin t  xˆ  1.5 BM cos t  yˆ

The magnitude of the field is a constant 1.5BM and the angle changes continually in a
counter clockwise direction at angular velocity w. Also, at wt=0°, B net=1.5BM with angle
-90°, and at wt=90°, Bnet=1.5BM with angle 0°.
 Relationship b/w Electrical and Mechanical
Angle

The rotating magnetic field represented as

a rotating north and south stator poles

Repetition of winding arrangement

to get four poles in the stator
 For P poles there is P/2 repetitions
of the winding arrangement
‘a-cbar-b-abar-c-bbar’ in the stator

P
e  m
2
P
fe  fm
2
P
e  m
2

nm
since fm  where n is the number of rotation
60
nm
 fe  P
120
 Reversing the Direction of Magnetic Field
Rotation
If the current in any two of the 3 coils is swapped, the direction of the magnetic field’s
rotation will be reversed.
 
To prove this, phases B and C are switched:
Bnet = Baa’ +
Bbb’ +Bcc’

Bnet (t )  BM sin t0  BM sin(t  240)120  BM sin(t  120)240 T

Converting it into x and y unit vectors will give:

Btotal (t )  (1.5Bm sin  t ) x  (1.5Bm cos  t ) y

The +ive sign shows the change of magnetic field rotation

 Magneto motive force and flux distribution
on AC Machines

Non Salient Pole rotor and Salient pole rotor

• Due to the presence of a ferromagnetic rotor in the real ac machines the flux
produced in the ac machines is not simple.
• As the R of the rotor is much less than that of air the flux follows the perpendicular
path between the stator and rotor
 Production of Sinusoidal Air gap flux in ac
machines
• For production of sinusoidal voltage in an ac machine the flux must vary
sinusoidally along the surface of the air gap
Distribution of windings in the stator for
production of sinusoidal emf

An ac machine with a distributed stator winding

designed to produce a sinusoidally varying air gap
flux density. The number of conductors in each
slot is indicated in the diagram.

The mmf distribution resulting from the

winding, compared to an ideal transformer.
Induced Voltage in AC machines
A rotating rotor magnetic field
inside a stationary stator coil

The flux density

distribution in the air gap.

einduced  eba  edc  2VBM l cos m t

einduced  N c cos t

Induced Voltage in a 3 phase set of coils

eaa '  N sin  t V

ebb '  N sin( t  120o ) V
ecc '  N sin( t  240o ) V
Max phase voltage

Rms voltage

The production of three-

phase voltages from three
coils spaced 120º apart
Induced Torque in AC machines
A simplified ac machine with a sinusoidal stator
flux distribution and a single coil of wire
mounted in the rotor.

The torque induced in the machine is due to the interaction

between rotor and the stator fluxes. It is given by:

 ind  kBr  Bs
 Losses in AC Machines
• Core loss
• Copper loss
• Mechanical Loss
• Stray loss
Power flow diagram in motor
Power flow diagram for generator
• THANK YOU